Racism Past, Present and Future - 2012 Words

Prologue While coming up with a topic for this paper, one of my questions dealt with war and cultural groups. I will be the first to admit, Racism was the last thing on my mind. The original question being, â€Å"How does war affect a Social Culture and how does it stand today?† When I started thinking about Cultures that had been so deeply affected by war, one of the first that came to mind were the Japanese in World War II. Then I recalled what one person had told me of their younger days at college, when they were attending school. Their name will remain anonymous; I do not want to make the victim’s name public as it has a very personal nature. They had told me that they had been beaten because they were Japanese. They told me how the†¦show more content†¦However there is no record (from what I have read) that the Germans or Italians were ever forced from their homes as the Japanese were (Lotchin 157). In Roger Lotchin’s Journal, â€Å"Japanese Relocation in World War II and the Illusion of Universal Racism† he writes about the other issues that came with the Japanese Americans being relocated. Lotchin brings up some other points that are very valid but doesn’t explain completely why the German and Italian Americans were not relocated as well. One of these points was fear of Japanese spies and another was the fact that the coast of California was Unprotected from attacks from Japan. During the War, Propaganda was distributed from many different Newspapers. In one of these newspapers our favorite childhood author Dr. Seuss was publishing his own form of propaganda through his cartoons. One in particular caught my eye; the image of our good old Uncle Sam was spraying our minds with insecticide to get rid of the racial prejudice bug (Dr. Seuss). The Roots of Racism run deep into our history and for some of these reasons, are repeated even into our generation. Present In this age of the internet, we know hear even more and more of racism against Asian Americans still occurring. In Le C.N.’s blogs at www.asian-nation.org , he writes about what he reads in the newspapers or sees on the Television when an Asian American is the victim of violence that is occurring in school or even aroundShow MoreRelatedThe Past Is Not Dead Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Past is NOT Dead Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred is a novel that perfectly channels the mean of William Faulkner s claim that the past is not dead; it s not even past.† To me this quote basically means that the past cannot become the past because events keep repeating throughout history. This quote is shown to us through Butler drawing upon the history of transatlantic slavery to illustrate certain ideas and behaviors that are seen throughout time. These ideas and behaviors are specifically seenRead MoreInsight Into the Past and Present with Science Fiction 0.4 by Mike Lancester574 Words   |  3 Pagesfictions texts, it is clear that they emphasise the past and present issues of humanity by exaggerating their subsequent consequences in the future. 0.4 by Mike Lancester is a science fiction text which evidently represents the discrimination inflicted upon the ‘inferior’ races by the more ‘superior’ races. As this aspect of discrimination has occurred in the past, such as the racism faced by Aboriginal people, Lancester gives us an insight into the past of humanity. Furthermore, by exploring the possibilityRead MoreCritical Race Theory On Racism751 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, racism has been an entity embedded in the United States society, and can still be seen in many forms today. In regard to racism being uprooted in the future, it does not seem plausible due to the fact that little progress has been made to reform the societal structures that marginalize people based on their race. Although racism is permanently embedded within the United States, working towards social justice is a necessity because it reassures communities facing marginalizationRead MoreSociety, Now and Then757 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, racism has existed for as long as anyone can remember. Racism has no equality, no color and no favor for anybody. We drive behind the wheel of racism. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written b y Mark Twain, he explains the truth about what racism really was like in past times. Due to the strong detailed language used throughout the text, many debate on whether we should allow our students read this text or not. I believe we should continue to present this novel to ourRead MoreThe Use Of Sterilization Of Minorities By Supporting The Eugenics Movement946 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetic makeup of different races has not only just become a common theme for many modern day countries to use to make their societies more genetically fit. However, it has adopted the basis for current racism that is clearly apparent in today’s society. If improving genetic fitness was not a concern to past societies, then people in general would be a lot more open to interracial and cross-cultural relationships rather than completely disregarding the idea of dating someone that is visibly geneticallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Hip Hop 878 Words   |  4 Pageswhere he comes from . Mos Def is not worry about the past, he is looking at the future. Speaking correct English is not important to Mos Def. Mos Def represents the younger generations of blacks who is comfortable with who they are. Language does not control their identity. Accept them for who they are, take it or leave it. Langston Hughes poem â€Å"Harlem†, addresses racism. Hughes candidly addresses racism in his eyes, where is it going? Will racism continue to grow like a disease or will it eventuallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Sterilization Of Minorities By Supporting The Eugenics Movement950 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetic makeup of different races has not only just become a common theme for many modern day countries to use to make their societies more genetically fit. However, it has adopted the basis for current racism that is clearly apparent in today’s society. If improving genetic fitness was not a concern to past societies, then people in general would be more open to interracial and cross-cultural relationships rather than completely disregarding the idea of dating someone that is visibly genetically differentRead MoreWill A Post-Racial America Ever Happen? Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesvarious other parts of the media. Although we seem to be past segregation, race is still a pola rizing issue. Many people today still assert the idea that certain races are of a lower class or are to be feared, when people are nothing more than products of their own environments. If all minorities were given the same opportunities, these misconceptions and stereotypes would disappear. A post-racial America is not possible because the past of racism will continue to linger throughout generations, peopleRead MoreRacism And Loss Of Innocence1428 Words   |  6 Pagesyou consider things from his point of view †¦ until you climb into his skin and walk around in it’† (Lee 39). The literature Harper Lee presents to society touches many universal themes of society mechanics from the past and still connects to the present. Throughout the novel there are various forms of prejudice that evoke in the presence of social inequality, racism and loss of innocence. In any form of environment, social inequality and status always comes through as human nature. Throughout theRead MoreThe Search For Racial Reconciliation And Healing Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the story, the author use the past-present-future tensions to discuss cultural conflicts in the story including ancestry, trauma, and adaptation. First, one of the biggest reasons that Tom and Sharon went on this journey was to discover more about the past. An example of one of the biggest hurdles they had to leap over was learning about their ancestry. Many of the choices that their ancestors made in the past now represent their culture in the present, to some extent. In order to fully understand

Social Problem Of Social Welfare Programs - 1707 Words

In analyzing social problems in today’s communities our begin to implement Social Welfare Programs that addresses these social problems. Social Problems are based on three factors which are: the force and societal position of the individuals who are characterizing the issue and encouraging the consumption of assets toward an answer, people in the community being affected by the social problem, and the measure of devastation to society based on the social problem that has not been dealt with (Chambers, 2012) Reviewing President Bush and his administration,one can say that he focused deeply on the economy and the foreign policy rather than what citizens were dealing with including discriminations in the communities that impacts their quality of their life. However President Obama on the other hand felt that in order for the economy to thrive, we have to address how people are managing in their daily lives. People in their own communities are not being treated equally which affects one’s quality of life. During Obama’s presidency, he taken his time to review and implement social policies that have address issues such as civil rights for LGBT and Veterans. Obama and Civil Rights for LGBT communities: President Obama has taken initiative addressing LGBT communities and the discrimination attributed to their sexual orientation and gender identity. During Obama’s presidency, he addressed and began implementing social policies for LGBT communities which goals were toShow MoreRelatedWelfare Reform : Social Welfare Policy1257 Words   |  6 Pages Social Welfare Policy Social Welfare Policy Analysis Eric Dean University of Arkansas Introduction Several states have recently begun to enact legislation that requires welfare recipients to submit to drug tests before they are eligible to receive any public assistance. The purpose of mandatory drug testing is to prevent the potential abuse of taxpayer money, help individuals with drug problems, and ensure that public money is not subsidizing drug habits (Wincup, 2014). WhileRead MoreSocial Service Delivery Is A Mechanism Through Which The1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial service delivery is a mechanism through which the social programs are delivered to the needy one by private or public agencies. Social programs are designed to deliver significant social goals thereby meeting ongoing needs of people. In the past, when people needed help they initially turned to their families as the helping resource. Now a day, it is practically difficult for many people to access help from their families as problems became more complex, especially mental health and socialRead MoreThe Ideologica l Debate Over Social Welfare1153 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Over Social Welfare Abstract Welfare is a frequently debated topic, largely because there remains a widespread disagreement over its value. Its critics consider it wasteful and concurrent with the values of socialism while its supporters view it as the social responsibility of an industrial advanced and compassionate nation. The research outlined here below dissects this cardinal disagreement while investigating the sociological implications of Americas social welfare programs. Social Problem Read MoreSocial Welfare Policies During The Transition Countries Of Central Asia732 Words   |  3 Pagesin study of social welfare policies in transition countries of central Asia. I am concerned with the status of vulnerable groups of population-particularly, the aged, women, children, the disabled, and the poor. In most transition countries, the political and economic collapse of 90s had the devastating effects on the certain groups of population. The sharp decline in size of the government has greatly affected and in some sense triggered the transformation of the scope of social welfare policies.Read MorePoverty, Social Security, and Conspiracy Theories1103 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty, Social Security and Conspiracy Theories 1.Why are there still poor people in America half a century after the implementation of a system of social welfare programs that were designed to end poverty? In the 1960s there was a major effort to address the problem of poverty in America. The most significant component was called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). AFDC was passed in last period of vigorous liberal reforms in the 20th century. By the 1980s welfare programs like ADFCRead More Social Welfare Past and Present Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Welfare Past and Present Social welfare is an expansive system proposed to maintain the well being of individuals within a society. This paper will explain the progression from the feudal system and church provisions for the poor before the Elizabethan Poor Law to the gradual assumption of the responsibility for the poor by the government. A responsibility assumed not out of humanity and concern for the poor, but as a process of standardizing the ways in which the poor were to be managedRead MoreHow Welfare Has Changed From The Colonial Period862 Words   |  4 Pages It is important to discuss the history of the emergence of this social problem. I will discuss the essence of poverty as a social problem and how that has affected how welfare is distributed among single mothers. Some factors that contributed to this social problem are the economy and he increasing amount of people who lived in poverty. The government felt that it was necessary to be proactive about the growing issue of poverty. The government was also taking a look at how money was being spentRead MoreEffects Of Australias Welfare System807 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia’s Welfare System and Its Hidden Risks Jiayi Liu Generous welfare system has always been a main characteristic of Australia, which has been attracted a large number of overseas immigrants in recent years. The government provides citizens with a series of cradle-to-grave social benefits, for instance, education allowance, free health care program, a variety of relief fund. However, the long-time welfare packages also have brought a few social problems to Australia such as welfare dependencyRead More Politics and Poverty Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagespoverty. Those three being, Welfare, Social Security, and Taxes. The following arguments present how those different perspectives affect the poverty issue in America today. Conservative Ideology Conservatives generally go with the perspective that less is more. Most would side with the argument that less government action is a better approach for society as a whole. Rather than promoting the idea of social equality, like the Liberal perspective, they promote social inequality. Most would likeRead MoreWorking Poor : The Work Poor Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagestimes social policies are created to assist the people who are working but still struggle to get basic needs like food, utilities, gas, and medical. Poverty is a perpetuating cycle that is intended to keep the poor oppressed and discriminated against. Respectfully, this critique will address the social problems that are identified in the book, the major social welfare policy issues, the social values and beliefs that are critical and the implications for future social welfare policy and social work

Bullying Speech free essay sample

Hello I’m Maddi Beeson as many of you know and I wanted to talk to you about a very important issue at our school. There is the problem of bullying and I would like to say something about it which will hopefully change things. Starting off with this poem I had found on the internet which is a very inspiring poem about bullying. It is called: To This Day- for the bullied and the beautiful by Shane Koyczan. When I was a kid I used to think that pork chops and karate chops Were the same thing I thought they were both pork chops And because my grandmother thought it was cute And because they were my favorite She let me keep doing it Not really a big deal One day Before I realized fat kids are not designed to climb trees I fell out of a tree And bruised the right side of my body I didn’t want to tell my grandmother about it Because I was afraid I’d get in trouble For playing somewhere that I shouldn’t have been A few days later the gym teacher noticed the bruise And I got sent to the principal’s office From there I was sent to another small room With a really nice lady Who asked me all kinds of questions About my life at home I saw no reason to lie As far as I was concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Life was pretty good I told her, â€Å"Whenever I’m sad My grandmother gives me karate chops† This led to a full scale investigation And I was removed from the house for three days Until they finally decided to ask how I got the bruises News of this silly little story quickly spread through the school And I earned my first nickname Pork Chop To this day I hate pork chops I’m not the only kid Who grew up this way Surrounded by people who used to say That rhyme about sticks and stones As if broken bones Hurt more than the names we got called And we got called them all So we grew up believing no one Would ever fall in love with us That we’d be lonely forever That we’d never meet someone To make us feel like the sun Was something they built for us In their tool shed So broken heart strings bled the blues As we tried to empty ourselves. So we would feel nothing Don’t tell me that hurts less than a broken bone That an ingrown life Is something surgeons can cut away That there’s no way for it to metastasize It does She was eight years old Our first day of grade three When she got called ugly We both got moved to the back of the class So we would stop get bombarded by spit balls But the school halls were a battleground Where we found ourselves outnumbered day after wretched day We used to stay inside for recess Because outside was worse Outside we’d have to rehearse running away Or learn to stay still like statues giving no clues that we were there In grade five they taped a sign to her desk That read beware of dog To this day Despite a loving husband She doesn’t think she’s beautiful Because of a birthmark That takes up a little less than half of her face Kids used to say she looks like a wrong answer That someone tried to erase But couldn’t quite get the job done And they’ll never understand That she’s raising two kids Whose definition of beauty Begins with the word mom Because they see her heart Before they see her skin Because she’s only ever always been amazing He Was a broken branch Grafted onto a different family tree Adopted Not because his parents opted for a different destiny He was three when he became a mixed drink Of one part left alone And two parts tragedy Started therapy in 8th grade Had a personality made up of tests and pills Lived like the up hills were mountains And the down hills were cliffs Four fifths suicidal A tidal wave of anti depressants And an adolescence of being called popper One part because of the pills Ninety nine parts because of the cruelty He tried to kill himself in grade ten When a kid who could still go home to mom and dad Had the audacity to tell him â€Å"get over it† as if depression Is something that can be remedied By any of the contents found in a first aid kit To this day He is a stick of TNT lit from both ends Could describe to you in detail the way the sky bends In the moments before it’s about to fall And despite an army of friends Who all call him an inspiration He remains a conversation piece between pe ople Who can’t understand Sometimes becoming drug free Has less to do with addiction And more to do with sanity We weren’t the only kids who grew up this way To this day Kids are still being called names The classics were Hey stupid Hey spaz Seems like each school has an arsenal of names Getting updated every year And if a kid breaks in a school And no one around chooses to hear Do they make a sound? Are they just the background noise Of a soundtrack stuck on repeat When people say things like Kids can be cruel? Every school was a big top circus tent And the pecking order went From acrobats to lion tamers From clowns to carnies All of these were miles ahead of who we were We were freaks Lobster claw boys and bearded ladies Oddities Juggling depression and loneliness playing solitaire spin the bottle Trying to kiss the wounded parts of ourselves and heal But at night While the others slept We kept

The Jabidah Massacre Essay Example

The Jabidah Massacre Paper In 1963, the resource-rich territory of Sabah, which had been under British control since the late nineteenth-century, formally became part of the Federation of Malaysia. The Philippines, however, protested this, claiming that Sabah had never been sold to foreign interests, and that it had only been leased (padjak) by the Sulu Sultanate and therefore remained the property of the Sultan and by extension the property of Republic of the Philippines. This dispute led the-then Philippine presidents Diosdado Macapagal then later on Ferdinand Marcos to establish special military units tasked with fomenting dissent amongst Sabahs non-Malay ethnic groups, namely the Tausug and Sama, two groups closely aligned ethnically and culturally with Filipinos. The code-name of this destabilization programme was Operation Merdeka (Operation Freedom), with Manuel Syquio as project leader and then Maj. Eduardo Abdul Latif Martelino as operations officer. The object of this program was the annexation of Sabah to the Republic of the Philippines. The plan involved the recruitment of nearly 200 Tausug and Sama Muslims aged 18 to 30 from Sulu Province and Tawi-Tawi and their training in the island-town of Simunul in Tawi-Tawi. Simunul was where the Arab missionary Makhdum built the first mosque in the Philippines in the 13th century. The recruits felt giddy about the promise not only of a monthly allowance, but also over the prospect of eventually becoming a member of an elite unit in the Philippine Armed Forces. From August to December 1967, the young recruits underwent training in Simunul. The name of the commando unit was Jabidah. We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabidah Massacre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabidah Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Jabidah Massacre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On 30 December 1967, 135 to 180 recruits boarded a Philippine Navy vessel for the island of Corregidor in Luzon for specialized training. This second phase of the training turned mutinous when the recruits discovered their true mission. It struck the recruits that the plan would mean not only fighting their brother Muslims in Sabah, but also possibly killing their own Tausug and Sama relatives living there. Additionally, the recruits had already begun to feel disgruntled over the non-payment of the promised mon thly stipend. The recruits then demanded to be returned home. Four decades later, an incident known as the Jabidah massacre, continues to haunt the Philippines. No-one is sure how many trainee soldiers, most of them Muslims, died when a plan to attack the Malaysian state of Sabah leaked out and authorities moved to destroy the evidence. The Jabidah massacre, also known as the Corregidor massacre, refers to an incident which occurred on the night of March 18, 1968 on the Philippine island of Corregidor. It was on this night that members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) massacred at least 28 Moro Muslim recruits under their supervision. The Jabidah Massacre is widely regarded as having been the catalyst behind the modern Moro insurgencies in the Southern Philippines. As the sole survivor later recounted, the plotters led the trainees out of their Corregidor barracks on the night of March 18, 1968 in batches of twelve. They were taken to a nearby airstrip. There, the plotters mowed the trainees down with gunfire. Jibin Arula, the survivor, said that he heard a series of shots and saw his colleagues fall. He ran towards a mountain and rolled off the edge on to the sea. He recalled clinging to a plank of wood and stayed afloat. By morning, fishers from nearby Cavite rescued him. The truth of the massacre took some time to emerge. In March 1968 Moro students in Manila held a week long protest vigil over an empty coffin marked ‘Jabidah’ in front of the presidential palace. They claimed â€Å"at least 28† Moro army recruits had been murdered. Court-martial proceedings were brought against twenty-three military personnel involved. There was a firestorm in the Philippine press, attacking not so much the soldiers involved, but the culpability of a government administration that would ferment such a plot, and then seek to cover it up by wholesale murder. The matter even made its way to the Supreme Court in 1970, on a preliminary issue. Although the exact number of deaths still continues to vary depending upon the source of the reference, there is no denial of the fact that Corregidor was host to a massacre on that night. Comments and Analysis In March 1968 Moro students in Manila held a week long protest vigil over an empty coffin marked ‘Jabidah’ in front of the presidential palace. They claimed â€Å"at least 28† Moro army recruits had been murdered. Court-martial proceedings were brought against twenty-three military personnel involved. There was also a firestorm in the Philippine press, attacking not so much the soldiers involved, but the culpability of a government administration that would foment such a plot, and then seek to cover it up by wholesale murder. The plan of Ferdinand Marcos was failed because of the leaked happened. The members of the Jabidah do not want to continue the fight in Sabah because they were deprived of having promised monthly stipend. They were also dismayed because they discovered the true intention of the regime Marcos. The member of the Jabidah does not want to fight their Muslim brothers like Tausug and Maranao. The plan of Marcos was destroyed and unsuccessful so he ordered his military personnel to kill all the members of the Jabidah. It is not right to kill innocent people. Those people who were killed are not aware on the true mission of Marcos. Because of what Marcos did, many of our Muslim brothers wants to revenge on what happened in Jabidah massacre or in other words the Corregidor Massacre. There are Muslims who made a group that will fight the government for the wrong things they have done to our Filipino people. The main legacy of the Jabidah massacre was the crystallization of Moro discontent and the subsequent formation of the Moro National Liberation Front and, later, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Because what President Marcos done, the insurgency in our country increased, from that tragedy the Moro National Liberation Front was established and wants to fight the government and to separate the land for muslims only. Killing our co-Filipino is not a moral activity instead of killing other why we should help one another for the betterment of our country. Instead of decreasing insurgencies in our country, it become larger and larger and until now we can’t stop the insurgencies in our country because of wrong doings of our government. The justice for the people who died in Jabidah massacre was not given attention. After years past, the cased was disappeared and nothing happened. No right justice for those people who died in the massacre. Philippine justice system and no real punishment was ever handed-down to the accused. References http://www.corregidor.org/heritage_battalion/jabidah.html

Porfiero Diaz essays

Porfiero Diaz essays Jos de la Cruz Porfirio DÃ ­az (15 September 1830 2 July 1915) was a dictator who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911 (with the exception of one single four-year period). Diaz was born in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico. He was a Mestizo, of Mixtec Indian and Spanish ancestry. An army officer with humble rural roots, he became something of a hero due to his participation in the war against the French, where he won several important victories. He led the cavalry in the celebrated Battle of Puebla of 1862. In 1876, he overthrew the government of President Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada. Initially, he advanced a platform of reform, using the slogan "No Re-election" (for the President). Defeated by Juarez in the presidential election of 1871, Diaz charged fraud and led a revolt against the government, which was not suppressed until after the inauguration of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. Diaz again lost in the presidential race of 1876. He refused defeat and 1876 he overthrew the government of President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. Aside from a brief period from 1880 to 1884 when he handpicked Manuel Gonzalez as his temporary successor, he remained in power until 1911. His rule was ruthless and ultimately effective. He maintained power through manipulation of votes, but also through simple violence and assassination of his opponents, which as a result were very few. He was a cunning politician and knew very well how to manipulate people to his advantage. He also sought reconciliation with previously hostile sectors, particularly the Catholic Church and the U.S. government. Diazs policy encouraging foreign investment resolved U.S. interference with Mexicos decisions, and led to U.S. recognition of his regime. Diaz embarked on a program of modernization, attempting to bring Mexico up to the level of a modern state. His principal adviser ...

The Diurnal Cycle and How it Affects Daily Temperatures

The Diurnal Cycle and How it Affects Daily Temperatures All things in nature have a diurnal or daily pattern simply because they change throughout the course of a day. In meteorology, the term diurnal most often refers to the change of temperature from the daytime high to the nighttime low. Why Highs Dont Happen at High Noon The process of reaching a daily high (or low) temperature is a gradual one. It begins each morning when the Sun rises and its rays extend toward and strike the Earths surface. Solar radiation directly heats the ground, but because of lands high heat capacity (ability to store heat), the ground doesnt immediately warm. Just as a pot of cold water must first warm before coming to a boil, so must the land absorb a certain amount of heat before its temperature rises. As the grounds temperature warms, it heats a shallow layer of air directly above it by conduction. This thin layer of air, in turn, heats the column of cool air above it. Meanwhile, the Sun continues its trek across the sky. At high noon, when it reaches its peak height and is directly overhead, sunlight is at its most concentrated strength. However, because the ground and air must first store heat before radiating it to surrounding areas, maximum air temperature isnt yet reached. It actually lags this period of maximum solar heating by several hours! Only when the amount of incoming solar radiation equals the amount of outgoing radiation does the daily high temperature occur. The time of day this generally happens depends on a number of things (including geographic location and time of year) but is usually between the hours of 3-5 p.m. local time. After noon, the Sun begins its retreat across the sky. From now until sunset, the intensity of incoming solar radiation continually declines. When more heat energy is being lost to space than is incoming at the surface, a minimum temperature is reached. 30 F of (Temperature) Separation On any given day, the temperature swing from low and high temperature is roughly 20 to 30 F. A number of conditions can widen or lessen this range, such as: Day length. The greater (or shorter) the number of daylight hours, the more (or less) time the Earth is subject to heating. Length of daylight hours is determined by geographic location as well as season.Cloudiness. Clouds are good at both absorbing and giving off longwave radiation, and at reflecting shortwave radiation (sunlight). On cloudy days, the ground is shielded from incoming solar radiation because this energy is reflected back out into space. Less incoming heat means less and a decrease in diurnal temperature variation. On cloudy nights, diurnal range is also decreased, but for opposite reasons heat is trapped near the ground, which allows the days temperatures to remain constant rather than to cool.Elevation. Because mountain areas are located farther from the radiating heat source (the sun-heated surface), they are warmed less and also cool more rapidly after sunset than do valleys.Humidity. Water vapor is good at absorbing and giving off longwave radiation (energy tha ts released from the Earth) as well as absorbing in the near-infrared part of solar radiation, which reduces the amount of daytime energy reaching the surface. Because of this, daily highs are typically lower in humid environments than they are in dry environments. This is the primary reason why desert regions experience some of the most extreme day-to-night temperature fluctuations. Wind speed. Winds cause air at different levels of the atmosphere to mix. This mixing lessens the difference in temperature between warmer and cooler air, thus decreasing the diurnal temperature range. How to See the Diurnal Pulse In addition to feeling the diurnal cycle (which is done easily enough by enjoying a day outside), its also possible to visibly detect it. Watch a global infrared satellite loop closely. Do you notice the curtain of dark to light that rhythmically sweeps across the screen? Thats Earths diurnal pulse! Diurnal temperature isnt just essential to understanding how we meet our high and low air temperatures, its essential to the science of winemaking.

Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Competence Research Paper

Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Competence - Research Paper Example Saarni states that an emotionally competent person is able to perform according to his moral values in â€Å"emotion-eliciting† situations that demand his â€Å"self-efficacy† (1999, p.2). Such a person is aware of his emotional state and of others and is able to work accordingly. Comparison and Contrast EI improves our ability to learn EC. The two concepts cannot be separates. Scholars define EC as a learned ability of an individual resulting from EI which enables him to show outstanding performance in every field of life and, more specifically, job. For example, to show skill in conflict resolution with customers, it is important that the individual knows EI basics like relationship management. However, if he has mastered in EI basics like relationship management, that that does not guarantee that he has also mastered in conflict resolution. He has only gained potential to learn EC by learning EI. To make a contrast, EI involves tackling emotional situations in all wa lks of life while EIs are specially job skills based on EI. References Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R.D. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. USA: MIT Press. Saarni, C. (1999). The Development of Emotional Competence. USA: Guilford Press.

Should prisoners be given the right to vote in UK Essay

Should prisoners be given the right to vote in UK - Essay Example Having the status prisoner on an individual’s bio does not help their chances of integrating into the community and tends to lock them out of most of the privileges that are enjoyed by the rest of the society. At the moment this also includes voting opportunities that are available to others as that privilege is revoked by the government (Lynch, 2007). However, the question remains of whether this is an ethically acceptable arrangement or is change needed in this department in the long run to improve the democratic movement that is supported by a large majority of people. In order to study this question and come up with an acceptable response it is important for one to look at all the perspectives that views that are involved when it comes to the issue of allowing prisoners to vote. Other aspects of the subject that should be studied include the various parties that are involved in the making of this decision as well as those that are affected by it. These include the legislators and (depending on various factors, such as whether a referendum is held on the matter) at times the public opinion on the side of those involved in forming of the concerned laws and the prisoners as well as society on the side of those who will be affected by the decision made (Harel, 2008). This is essential as making a right decision depends on knowing all the factors involved as well as the potential impact that certain decisions will have in the long run. It should be noted that the voting process is part of the democratic setup that was developed to ensure the presence of fairness and equality to all citizens (Ross, 2011). As afore mentioned, taking a closer look at the main groups that are involved and affected by the final decision on whether prisoners should be allowed to vote will allow one to come up with a more overall view of the situation and various circumstances involved. They include: These are the main group of people that are

Goals of Financial Management Essay Example for Free

Goals of Financial Management Essay Money required for carrying out business activities is called business finance. Almost all business activities require some finance. Finance is needed : †¢To establish a business , †¢To run it †¢To modernize it †¢To expand it or diversify †¢It is required to buy whole variety of assets, they may be tangible like machinery ,factories,building,offices or intangible like patents, technical expertise etc. Success of business depends considerably on how well the funds are deployed in assets Financial management is concerned with optimum procurement as well as usage of finance. The financial management has to take three important decision viz. (i) Investment decision i. e. , where to invest fund and in what amount, (ii) Financing decision i. e. , from where to raise funds and in what amount, and (iii) Dividend i. e. , how much to pay dividend and how much to retain for future expansion. In order to make these decisions the management must have a clear understanding of the objective sought to be achieved. It is generally agreed that the financial objective of the firm should be maximization of owners economic welfare. There are two widely discussed approaches or criterion of maximizing owners welfare – (i) Profit maximization, and (ii) Wealth maximization. Profit maximization would probably be the most commonly cited business goal, but this is not a very precise objective. Do we mean profits this year? If so, then actions such as deferring maintenance, letting inventories run down, and other short-run, cost-cutting measures will tend to increase profits now, but these activities arent necessarily desirable. The goal of maximizing profits may refer to some sort of â€Å"long-run† or â€Å"average† profits, but its unclear exactly what this means. First, do we mean something like accounting net income or earnings per share? As we will see, these numbers may have little to do with what is good or bad for the firm. Second, what do we mean by the long run? As a famous economist once remarked, in the long run, were all dead! More to the point, this goal doesnt tell us the appropriate trade-off between current and future profits. Profit Maximization: Maximization of profits is very often considered as the main objective of a business enterprise. The shareholders, the owners of the business, invest their funds in the business with the hope of getting higher dividend on their investment. Moreover, the profitability of the business is an indicator of the sound health of the organization, because, it safeguards the economic interests of various social groups which are directly or indirectly connected with the company e. g. shareholders, creditors and employees. All these parties must get reasonable return for their contributions and it is possible only when company earns higher profits or sufficient profits to discharge the obligations to them. As long as we are dealing with for-profit businesses, only a slight modification is needed. The total value of the stock in a corporation is simply equal to the value of the owners equity. Therefore, a more general way of stating our goal . Finally, our goal does not imply that the financial manager should take illegal or unethical actions in the hope of increasing the value of the equity in the firm. What we mean is that the financial manager best serves the owners of the business by identifying goods and services that add value to the firm because they are desired and valued in the free marketplace If we assume that stockholders buy stock because they seek to gain financially, then the answer is obvious: Good decisions increase the value of the stock, and poor decisions decrease the value of the stock. The goal of maximizing the value of the stock avoids the problems associated with the different goals we listed earlier. There is no ambiguity in the criterion, and there is no short-run versus long-run issue. We explicitly mean that our goal is to maximize the current stock value. Because the goal of financial management is to maximize the value of the stock, we need to learn how to identify those investments and financing arrangements that favorably impact the value of the stock. This is precisely what we will be studying. In fact, we could have defined corporate finance as the study of the relationship between business decisions and the value of the stock in the business. Wealth Maximization: The term wealth means shareholder’s wealth or the wealth of persons who are involved in business concern. this is also known as value maximization or net worth maximization The wealth maximization (also known as value maximization or Net Present Worth Maximization) is also universally accepted criterion for financial decision making. The value of an asset should be viewed in terms of benefits it can produce over the cost of capital investment. †¢Wealth maximization is based on the concept of cash flow . cash flow are a reality and not based on subjective. †¢It considers time value of money.

Everyone needs a family to love :: essays research papers

It was no coincidence that I met a very wise person in my life. Now this person I found was always there for me! Wherever I went I knew they were in my heart to help me out, just to make things clear I’m not talking about God (even tough he is very wise and trustworthy) I’m talking about my family, the ones that have raised me since I was small and helped me through my life to get where I am today! They were the ones I knew I could count on to help me, but in the beginning I took them for granted and just there to live with and feed me, I never thought they would help me the was have! Well I was just sitting down with my dad and having a conversation about life, which soon ended up as an argument and the meanie that he is, I got grounded and had to do community project work for 4 whole months(BORING!!!). Now you see my dad is a very strict and did anything for his community and was always a few centuries behind, but he was the one that got me to find the real me! Well on the first day of my ‘community service’ I had to clean up the beach, which I found EXTREMLY boring! On the second day I did the same thing and did the same thing for 3 whole months. But on the fourth month I was told I was going to a work at an AIDS Children Orphanage, it sounded better than the beach so I went there. As soon as I walked in I could here all the children screaming with joy as another person came in to play to feed to teach them! These children looked as if they had no worry in the world, they didn’t know they were very sick they just knew they wanted to learn and play with people so much, some of the didn’t know what it was like to have a mother, a farther, but they seen to live just as well, but they needed that extra bit of love that your parents give. I found out that day how blessed I was to have a loving family always there to back me up, before I took them for granted I thought they were a waist of time I could live without them, which is true I could look at those children, but I realised that my family gives me that sense of security and of hope.

An Overview Of Phytoremediation Environmental Sciences Essay

Phytoremediation is a set of inactive engineerings utilizing green workss to take pollutants from the environment largely dirt and land H2O, devouring merely solar-energy. Unique biological mechanisms in workss like their ability to uptake and hive away toxic contaminations, change overing toxic contaminations to less risky substances and the symbiotic association of workss with bugs in their rhizosphere are studied and applied harmonizing to the status of the site to be remediated. Plants are used in such a manner that environmental toxins are removed, degraded or immobilized resulting in healthy country sites for better and more good usage. Proper pick of workss is made. If all of import factors sing the remediative action of workss are kept in head so the debasement or remotion of harmful chemicals from dirt and H2O can be accelerated utilizing any suited method of Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation has ever been an underrated engineering and much attending was n't given to it unt il really late when successful efforts of taking heavy metals ; like arsenous anhydride, nickel, crude oil hydrocarbons, pesticides and other toxic chemicals from dirt and land H2O were reported with the usage of workss. Phytoremediation is the usage of workss to take pollutants from the environment or to covert them to less harmful compounds ( Gleba et al, 1999 ) . Plants are used in such a manner that environmental toxins are removed, degraded or immobilized resulting in healthy country sites for better and more good usage. Combinations of different engineerings are applied for efficiency but the focal point ever remains on speed uping debasement of organic contaminations and on remotion of risky heavy metals in dirt or H2O. The metals targeted in Phytoremediation include lead, Cd, Cr, arsenic and radionuclides ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . In Phytoremediation the demand to dispose off the transformed stuff to some topographic point else is excavated therefore doing the procedure easier. Phytoremediation can be done at the really site of taint known as in-situ like near the surface soils or in the deep aquifer. The option is that dirt or H2O samples from the country to be treated can be separated and Ph ytoremediation can be applied on them, this is known as ex-situ. Examples of the latter one include extracted ground H2O or surface H2O ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . Now scientists are taking acute involvement in Phytoremediation and to convey in limelight more about this works genetic sciences are besides being taken into history. There is no uncertainty that in approaching old ages Phytoremediation will go one of the most of import of all green engineerings.MECHANISMS OF PHYTOREMEDIATIONPlants carry out Phytoremediation due the many interesting and utile belongingss that they have like the capableness to pull out and concentrate assorted compounds from the environment. Others use the micro-organisms nowadays in Rhizosphere ; zone around the root, to transport out phytoremediative action. Microbial Activity in the root country: Microbes which can take phytoremediative action are present in the rhizosphere. These include both bacteriums and Fungis which make a symbiotic relationship with workss. This mechanism of Phytoremediation is termed as Phytostimulation. Plants secrete particular bio-enhancing compounds into the dirt which stimulate the bioactivity of bugs. These exudations are really a beginning of C and N because they largely include Amino acids, saccharides, polyoses, phenols and flavinoids. They support the growing of bugs that degrade toxic compounds. Root systems besides provide a high O content which enables bugs to boom easy. Fungi and other groups of bugs release extracellular enzymes which besides aid the procedure as Rhizosphere microbic debasement. Pure civilizations of Pseudomonas fluorscens and Chyrsobacterium indologenes found in rhizosphere can degrade mefenoxan, a antifungal to free acid in approx. 54 hours ( Pai et al, 2001 ) . The efficiency of rhizosphere debasement by bugs depends upon the species of workss involved because every works interacts with bugs in its ain manner ( Shaan and Boyle, 1994 ) . Root exudate straight effects the action of bugs on contaminations. If contaminations are ab/adsorbed or uptaken by works roots more, their bioavailability to microbic community lessenings. Wetting agents if added ; increase bioavailability of contaminations to microbes. Alfalfa works was studied in four different control groups: Planted diesel-contaminated and uncontaminated dirt, and Un-planted Diesel contaminated and uncontaminated dirt ( Kim et al, 2006 ) . After a stabilisation clip of 7 hebdomads the remotion efficiency was seen to be 82.5 % in deep-rooted diesel-contaminated pot while in bulk dirt of remainder of the controls it was approx. 59.4 % . Microbial activity additions in contaminated dirt as many dirt bacteriums and hydrocarbon debasers are able to boom. Microbial population is greatly affected by the conta minant itself as compared to the works roots, because the contamination is a nutrient beginning for the bugs. 2. Hyperaccumulation of heavy metals: Some workss take remove toxins expecially heavy metals and metalloids etc from dirt and H2O by uptaking and hive awaying them as in Phytoextraction. This works tissue can be harvested and treated subsequently on by ashing, smelting, drying or composting ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Metallic elements can even be recovered from the ash which reduces risky waste and besides gives us a metal resource that can be expeditiously used. Many hyperaccumulating workss frequently do non take up every bit much of the contamination as they can because it is extremely sorbed on the dirt so is non bioavailable to the works root. For illustration Brassica juncea has the familial capableness to roll up lead but it still does non get much lead into its biomass when grown in contaminated dirt. Application of chelating agents like EDTA a few yearss before crop can cut down this job of missing bioavailability. Iron-Chelating compounds like Phytosiderophores can be applied to dirty which can mobilise Cu, Zn and Mn every bit good ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Phytochelatins have been observed as efficient chelators of As in Holcus lanatus ( Raab et al, 2004 ) . Biostimulants can merely be added to dirty because they perform the action of both phytosiderophores and phytochelatins. These include humic substances, lactic acid oligomers ( Kinnersley, 1992 ) , reductases released from works roots ( Welch et al, 1992 ) and dirt souring proto ns ( Crowley et al, 1991 ) . Once the metal has been solubilized it is taken up by the roots. Plants have constitutional transporter systems for the ions that it has to take up like sultr 1 ; 2 sulfate transporter for Se or selenate ion. Nonspecific metal ion bearers and channels are present ( Clarkson and Luttge, 1989 ) and the of course needed ions and contaminant metal ions in dirt compete for these channels if they resemble structurally ( Cosio et al, 2003 ) . Apoplastic ( extracellular ) or symplastic ( intracellular tract ) is adopted for the conveyance of metals through the root and into the shoot via the xylem tissue. They travel with the xylem sap towards the foliages and are loaded in the foliages and shoot. Metallic elements may be stored in different types of cells of the foliage like the mesophyll or the cuticular cells. Arabidopsis halleri shops Zn in its mesophyll cells ( Kupper et Al, 2000 ) . The signifier in which the metal is stored besides depends on the works in some instances. Pteris vitatt a conveyances arsenite ion more expeditiously to the fronds than arsenate ion ( Wang et al, 2002 ) . In some instances, while the toxic metals are being transported to the foliages they may be converted to less toxic signifiers by complex formation or transmutation. This falls in the class of phytotransformation. Endogenous works compounds go through chelation with the toxins therefore changing their toxic belongingss. Segregation or storage of metal contaminations largely occurs in the vacuole off from any cellular metabolic tract that it may upset. The metal ions frequently remain in the cell-wall when the metal-ligand complex base on ballss though to come in the works cell because of the negative charges that the cell-wall holds ( Peer et al, 2005 ) . Segregation may happen in different compartments of the cell wall and in the vacuole varying from works to works. For illustration in Pteris vittata Arsenic is sequestered in extra-cellular and sub-cellular compartments while in Hol cus lanatus segregation occurs in vacuole. 3. Absorption of contaminations by works roots: This mechanism of consumption of contaminations in roots is dependent on the high surface country biofiltration system formed by the roots and is really efficient in ab/adsorbing pollutants particularly from H2O. This is frequently termed as Rhizofiltration and is chosen to take toxic contaminations from H2O systems like watercourses or agricultural tally away set up, industrial discharges and atomic wastes etc ( Salt et al, 1998 ) . First of all the workss are given a little sum of the contaminations in order to acclimatize or accommodate them. Once the workss are adapted to that stuff and can absorb it they are transferred to the existent site where they take up every bit much of the contamination as they can. Once the roots are saturated the workss are harvested. Plants with big root country are preferred because the whole procedure is dependent on soaking up and surface assimilation on the roots. There are opportunities that alimentary consumption will be blocked by the metal consumption because both occur through the same way. To extinguish this a ‘feeder bed ‘ is introduced ( Dushenkov et al, 1995 ) . This is an unreal dirt bed a few centimetres deep on which foods and fertilisers are applied. Plants get their nutrient from this bed, while the roots move down farther and make the site of taint excessively. Here they remove the contamination from land H2O and dirt so the two procedures do non halter each other. Many different biological procedures are involved in rhizofiltration like intracellular consumption by roots, deposition of metals in vacuoules, and translocation of metal to shoot. Deposition can happen both inside and outside of cells in the signifier of a dense aggregation, as in the instance of lead which can be seen through microscope ( Malone et al, 1974 ) . Inside the cell it occurs in vacuoles while outside in cell-walls. Lead exists as lead carbon ate in cell-wall ( Kumar et al, 1995 ) and besides binds through anionic binding ( Broyer et al, 1972 ) . It was seen by Salt and his co-workers that aqua-cultured ( grown in aerated H2O ) seedlings showed much better rhizofiltration than roots themselves ( Salt et al, 1997 ) . They called it Blastofiltration. The ground is the invariably increasing surface to volume ratio of the germinating seedlings as they are in a really immature phase of growing. 4. Removal by transition of contaminations into volatile signifier: The procedure in which workss take up contaminations in dissolved signifier with the H2O through their roots from the dirt, transport them to their foliages and so let go of them into the atmosphere via transpiration through their pore is called phytovolatilization. Compounds like Se and quicksilver are volatilized as such or can besides be converted into their biomethylated signifiers to be volatilized as in the Selenium which is foremost converted to dimethylselenide by bugs and algae and so phytovolatilized by works ( Neumann et al, 2003 ) . Brassica juncea has been identified to expeditiously take Se from dirt by volatilization ( Bauelos et al, 1990 and Bauelos et Al, 1993 ) . It was proposed that Se volatilization as methyl selenate is one of the chief mechanisms of its remotion ( Zayed and Terry, 1994 and Terry et Al, 1992 ) . A outstanding research was done in this field utilizing Arabidopsis thaliana which co ntained mercurous ion as HgCl2 ( Rugh et al, 1996 ) . Elemental quicksilver is in liquid signifier and is much more easy volatilized. A cistron coding for mercurous ion reductase was introduced into the works which reduced mercurous ion to elemental quicksilver therefore increasing quicksilver vapor production as compared to normal workss. 5. Immobilization of contaminations at the site: Here contaminations are stabilized by curtailing their motion in dirt. This is done through minimising free dust, by diminishing dirt eroding and cut downing the bioavailability and solubility of contaminations. The add-on of alkalising agents, phosphates, organic affair and bio-solids lessenings the solubility of polluting compounds in the dirt and therefore prevents it from making land H2O. Plants that have high transpiration rate like grasses etc are helpful for phytostabilization because they decrease the sum of land H2O which is taking off or assisting the contaminations mobilise in the dirt ( Suresh and Ravishankar, 2004 ) . Unlike phytoextraction, or hyperaccumulation of metals into shoot or tissues, phytostabilization chiefly focuses on segregation of the metals in the root zone but non in works tissues. Consequently, metals become less bioavailable and injury to livestock, wildlife, and worlds is reduced ( Mendez and Maier, 20 08 ) . It can be applied temporarily to immobilise the contaminations at the topographic point and halt them from distributing in the country. One must at all times be careful of the fact that a reversal of metal immobilisation can happen, with associated unfavourable environmental effects ( Alkorta et al, 2010 ) . Experiments have shown that phytostabilization has been successful in take downing the degree of lead in a sand mixture. Metal leaching or flight is reduced by change overing metals from a soluble oxidization province to an indissoluble oxidization province for illustration the transition of available toxic Chromium IV to unavailable and less-toxic Chromium ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . 6. Conversion of contaminations to less toxic compounds: Contaminants present around the works are degraded into less toxic compounds by the works itself through it enzymatic metamorphosis or the bugs in the rhizosphere carry out this transmutation. The latter instance has already been discussed as rhizosphere microbic debasement. Once the works has taken up the contamination it will hive away it in the vacuole so that its metamorphosis can be done subsequently or it will be converted to Carbon dioxide and H2O and so transpired. A common job is that of pesticides that is sprayed on workss and can go toxic for human ingestion excessively. Atrazine a pesticide is transformed to anneline ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . TCE and other chlorinated dissolvers are transformed to carbon dioxide, H2O and chloride ion ( Peer et al, 2005 ) . Poplars have widely been studied for their phytotransformational belongingss. Ammunition waste like TNT, RDX and HMX are partly transformed by them ( Thompson et al, 20 09 ) . Once the toxic compounds are broken down into smaller constructions, it can be incorporated to organize new works stuff or released as organic dirt constituents. Plants produce enzymes that have active sites that can adhere and move on common organic compounds frequently taken up by workss from dirt or other beginnings. For illustration the organic compound Nitrotoluene is wholly degraded by nitro-reductase and laccase enzyme. Besides aromatic ( cyclic ) compounds even if they are non organic can be acted upon by enzymes like oxido-reductase nowadays in the foliages, roots and roots of workss.DecisionWhile the human race is confronting jobs in economic sector, its jobs are being multiplied by the depletion of natural resources. One of the major reverses being experienced now is environmental debasement which can be fought really efficaciously by the use of workss. This helps in keeping non merely our natural resources of a clean ambiance and dirt but besides lead to a healthy nutrient web. Phytoremediation has successfully given us parts of Earth with lowered degrees of toxic metal contaminations in its dirt. On the other manus the same belongings of workss to roll up metals in them has been utilized to extinguish hint metal lacks in animate beings. Unique set of biological mechanisms of workss are studied and so applied as Phytoremediation. Plants give an consequence which is non merely aesthetically pleasant but helps halt the devastation of environment excessively. Feasibility of the technique being used can be checked by first analyzing the site to be remediated and so make up one's minding what technique ought to be used. This field of biotechnology has opened new doors towards a really bright and promising future-use of workss other than in agribusiness. All of this process is really cheap and this extremely preferred but the drawback is big span of clip required for efficient consumption of heavy metal or any other toxic compound being removed fr om the dirt country or H2O being remediated. Although Phytoremediation, being a non-agricultural usage of workss, may non assist in feeding the hapless portion of the universe but still its application will give a healthy environment assuring a better quality of life.AbbreviationBTEX: Collection of compounds ( Organic pollutants ) ; Benzene, methylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene EDTA ( chelator ) Ethylene Diamina Tetra-acetic Acid CDTA ( chelator ) Trans-1,2-Cyclohexane diamine Tetra-acetic Acid EDDHA ( chelator ) Ethylene Diamine-N, N'-bis ( 2-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic acid ) Trichloroethylene: Trichloroethylene Trinitrotoluene: 2,4,6- Trinitrotoluene RDX: Research Department Explosive besides called hexogen ; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine HMX: Nitroamine explosive called Octogen ; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine

“Review of AIDS and Stigma’ by Gregory M. Harek

The current literature as of 1999 is reviewed regarding the stigma that attaches to people with AIDS (PWA’s and people with HIV (PWHIVs).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stigma† refers to discrimination and prejudice directed at PWAs and PWHIVs as well as those people associated with them or caregivers for them.This stigma has resulted in firings, evictions, and other forms of prejudice to people with AIDS and HIV. The existence of stigma has had a bad effect on the response to the AIDS crisis and could have a continuing affect on the various policies designed to assist PWAs and PWHIVs.Surveys throughout the world and specifically in the United States have indicated a negative attitude towards PWAs and PWHIVs by a significant majority of people.There are several possible reasons for the stigma. Many people believe PWAs and PWHIVs got the disease by their own actions and behavior. Others fear contracting the disease from any contact with PWAs and PWHIVs.Then there is the stigma associated wit h any disease considered that cannot be cured followed by the fear of contracting a contagious disease. Finally is the stigma associated with diseases or conditions affecting the victims’ outward appearance and capability.The stigma of AIDS has an impact on a personal level and with society and public policy.   For example, many people with AIDS or HIV do not get tested for fear of the stigma attached to the disease.In society the negative attitude has and continues to have an effect on public policy and public health issues and legislation. However, the situation has changed over the years with education, and with continued education discrimination and prejudice towards PWAs and PWHIVs will further decrease.I like this article for several reasons. It is well written and organized. It is written in a style and manner which is easy to read for the average student.There is no specialized language or information presented. Additionally there are no graphs or tables of statisti cs or lengthy quotations or references to other work. There is no detectible bias in the article. It is a very relevant topic today as much as it was when written. It is very thought provoking and informative regarding a variety of issues.The issue of stigma can have a very strong affect on the individual reader, as it has had on me. Unfortunately AIDS has spread to the point where more and more people know of someone afflicted with the disease or know someone who has been directly affected by the disease.With this increase comes the awareness of the stigma associated with PWAs and PWHIV, and the likelihood that someone we know has suffered from discrimination or prejudice.There is an â€Å"association† effect as well, when there is a similar prejudice, discrimination or fear of people who take care of or are related to PWAs and PWHIVs. The information presented in the article cannot help but make the individual aware of the issue if he or she is not already familiar with the disease, and adds knowledge to those who are familiar with it.Additionally, it makes the individual, and me, question whether or not I harbor any prejudice or discrimination and if so how I exhibit it. This article is very good at making me look past myself to broader issues, as well as to look inside myself for attitudes I should question.I particularly like the method in which the causes of stigma are presented. It is particularly helpful in examining whether or not I believe in any of the reasons or use them as an excuse. It is also helpful in realizing the fallacy of many of the reasons.The first reason presented seems very irrelevant, as regardless of how someone contracted AIDS or any disease should have no bearing on attitude, although for many people religious belief may be a factor that cannot be easily ignored.The second reason, fear of contracting the disease, was a personal fear of mine until I became aware of the fact that it cannot be contracted by casual contact. Com mon sense tells us that we are probably around PWAs and PWHIVs daily without knowing it, and there has been no cases caused by casual contact.The third and fourth reasons are the ones that I have the most difficult time with, as I have always been uncomfortable around people with life-threatening or terminal diseases, or people who obviously show outward signs of the disease.I believe many people have this discomfort, and probably always will, as it can be very difficult to interact with such strong issues â€Å"in the background†. However, what is important is to keep the discomfort into becoming a prejudice or source of discrimination.I really liked the article because it is hopeful. It has taken a very difficult and depressing topic but presented it a manner which gives optimism to the issue. It does this by making the reader aware of the reasons, and on reflection, realizes all of the reasons can be lessened or removed with awareness and education.It has made me more awar e of a very significant issue in society today. It has also caused me to reflect on my personal attitude and actions. It has clearly presents a thesis and evidence in an easy-to-read manner.I like it because it stresses how common and damaging prejudice and discrimination is, and the role of education in overcoming prejudice, which is important not just for PWAs and PWHIVs but for everyone. Finally, it is an article I can use as reference to anyone who can benefit from the information or may be interested in the issue.Works CitedHarek, Gregory M. â€Å"AIDS and Stigma†. American Behavioral Scientist, Volume 42, No. 7, April 1999. 1102-1112.

s Nest

Men and women are stereotyped everyday on how they should act and behave. What should be the difference in the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest? Well one could say that the roles have been reversed to a certain point. The mental hospital is a little world inside that is a made to scale prototype of the big world outside (McMahan). Patients are entered under the nurse’s power and will be released when they can contribute to society again. In the book as one can guess, some stereotypes are backwards. Nurse Ratched is one woman in the story that doesn’t play to the role of a nurse. The big nurse’s name, Ratched, suggests â€Å"ratchet† (a mechanism consisting of a notched wheel, the teeth of which engage with a pawl, permitting motion of the wheel in one direction only)(Macmillan). Her name makes her out to be an unchangeable character. Nurse Ratched is more made out to be a machine then a real person, unlike the other nurses, who seem to be kind, caring, and compassionate. Totally opposite of Nurse Ratched is the prostitutes. These women are fun free spirits that enjoy spending time with the patients and doesn’t try to humiliate or ware down the men to feel nothing. These are the two main types of women in the story and how they act towards the patients. Kesey takes the worst male stereotype availablethat of over-weening power, control, force, manipulation and imposes it on the nurse in the book, and the worst female stereotype pettiness, bitchiness, lack of self-confidence, anxiousness to serveand imposes it on most of the male patients (McMahan). Women are stereotyped in the novel just not as one would think. The novel may give women a more masculine view, but I would not go, as far as to say it is a sexiest view. If the novel was charged with being sexiest it would have to be against the men for making them look like sissies. The woman stereotype is getting old anyway. Women of this time are taking more of a ma... 's Nest Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo\'s Nest Men and women are stereotyped everyday on how they should act and behave. What should be the difference in the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest? Well one could say that the roles have been reversed to a certain point. The mental hospital is a little world inside that is a made to scale prototype of the big world outside (McMahan). Patients are entered under the nurse’s power and will be released when they can contribute to society again. In the book as one can guess, some stereotypes are backwards. Nurse Ratched is one woman in the story that doesn’t play to the role of a nurse. The big nurse’s name, Ratched, suggests â€Å"ratchet† (a mechanism consisting of a notched wheel, the teeth of which engage with a pawl, permitting motion of the wheel in one direction only)(Macmillan). Her name makes her out to be an unchangeable character. Nurse Ratched is more made out to be a machine then a real person, unlike the other nurses, who seem to be kind, caring, and compassionate. Totally opposite of Nurse Ratched is the prostitutes. These women are fun free spirits that enjoy spending time with the patients and doesn’t try to humiliate or ware down the men to feel nothing. These are the two main types of women in the story and how they act towards the patients. Kesey takes the worst male stereotype availablethat of over-weening power, control, force, manipulation and imposes it on the nurse in the book, and the worst female stereotype pettiness, bitchiness, lack of self-confidence, anxiousness to serveand imposes it on most of the male patients (McMahan). Women are stereotyped in the novel just not as one would think. The novel may give women a more masculine view, but I would not go, as far as to say it is a sexiest view. If the novel was charged with being sexiest it would have to be against the men for making them look like sissies. The woman stereotype is getting old anyway. Women of this time are taking more of a ma...

The Secret Life of Bees - Discussion Questions

The Secret Life of Bees - Discussion Questions Sue Monk Kidds debut novel, ​The Secret Life of Bees, is a coming-of-age story about feminine spirituality, racial tension, and maneuvering through love, loss, and change. The Secret Life of Bees is a great choice for womens book clubs and has the potential to promote lively discussions. Use these book club discussion questions to guide your group through Sue Monk Kidds touching tale. The Best Book Club Questions forThe Secret Life of Bees Spoiler Warning: These questions may reveal important details about The Secret Life of Bees. Finish the book before reading on. How would you describe Lilys feelings about her mother? Did they change throughout the novel? How did hearing that her mother left her to affect her perception of her mother?Do you believe T-Rays account of what happened when Lilys mother died?Did your opinion of T-Ray change when August told Lily about how much he used to love her mother? Does Deborahs abandonment explain or excuse T-Ray?Do you agree with Lily that people would rather die than forgive? Does she forgive her mother? T-Ray? Herself?What do the bees mean to the story? What is the secret life of bees?Do you think race was portrayed realistically in The Secret Life of Bees? What do you think Sue Monk Kidd was saying about race in this novel?Why did Rosaleen spit on the mens shoes? What are the ways the characters in the novel confront injustice? How do you think we should deal with injustice? Do these kinds of prejudices still exist today?What was your reaction to Lilys relationship with Zach? What do you think happened t o them in the future? Talk about the sisters. Who was your favorite? Do we all need a wailing wall, like May? Why do you think June was cold toward Lily? How would you describe August?What role did the Black Madonna play in their community? What do you think about the legend of the Black Madonna?Rate The Secret Life of Bees on a scale of 1 to 5.

A study was conducted and an introduction (lit review) section needs Research Paper

A study was conducted and an introduction (lit review) section needs to be done - Research Paper Example f-concept also gives people an opportunity to compare their personal attributes, abilities, and reactions to those of others (Harter & Bukowski, 2012). On the other hand, self-esteem refers to the respect that a person has for himself or herself. Self-esteem is an extremely vital concept since it affects functional behavior, motivation, as well as life satisfaction (Bordens & Horowitz, 2002). Individuals who have high self-concept about themselves normally have positive thoughts. In this regard, they have high self-esteem of themselves. Having high self-esteem is a critical component in one’s life since it gives one confidence about his or her self-worth. In this regard, an individual can compare himself to be attractive. Being attractive entails several components, and personal hygiene is one of the components (Harter & Bukowski, 2012). Therefore, one must assess his or her personal hygiene in the wake of evaluating

Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner Essay

Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner - Essay Example It should be noted that when the governments prioritizes corporate subsidies and allocate less fund for welfare payments, it just emphasizes that corporations are much needy than the public. This is even more strongly felt now that the country is operating on a tight budget. Theory then states that the private sector should be solely responsible for the provision of social programs. This paper opts to offer an insight to this issue by looking at the economic argument for and against corporate welfare. It is irrefutable that corporate welfare is one of the most debated social and economic issues. The term "corporate welfare" is coined by Ralph Nader in 1956 in order to describe the "benefits conferred on corporations as compared to any corporate payment, or goods or services provided, to the government." With this definition, Nader looks beyond the benefits conferred and costs incurred by a particular program by looking at the government's costs and benefits. For example, if a program involves the government giving more to private companies than it gets back, then it is considered as corporate welfare. ... Corporate welfare can take the form of direct grants to business, programs that provide research and other services for industries, and programs that provide subsidized loans or insurance to business. A good example is the Ohio Loan Law in 1837 which "required the State to give tax revenues to private canal, turnpike, and railroad corporations while permitting them also to charge tolls" (Nader 1999). Others include the Market Access Program for the agricultural department, the Advanced Technology Program, and Technology Reinvestment Program (Stansel n.d.). These moves emphasize these companies importance to the local government. The common argument for corporate welfare is more economic than social. It should be noted that tax perks like tax holidays and tax breaks are commonly used by governments in order to encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment. This is more apparent in developing countries where the economy is largely dependent on foreign players. The main argument for this is that "economy is dependent on business stability and that corporate development is directly linked to job growth" (Perryman 1996). When tax breaks are offered, companies can operate more efficiently by cutting down on operational costs. Tax breaks are also potent ways to attract more companies thereby increasing the locality's production and income. The presence of corporate subsidies also ensures the stability of the business sector. When the government provides corporate welfare, it in fact, works in ensuring that companies continue to operate efficiently. It should be noted that corporate welfare includes provision o f funds, projects, and programs which aids business organizations in research and development, marketing, and in their production efforts.

Politics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of the Middle East - Essay Example The intermediate power in the society such as the landed gentry, the city merchants, the tribal chiefs and others has effectively reduced the power of the state and negatively impacted the modernization (Lewis, p.225) As per the Muslim belief any fight against the belief of their religion is considered as a sacred war (jihad) (The making of a modern terrorist, p.5) Osama bin Laden's dislike against the US started from the occupation of US troops in Saudi Arabia, the holy country of Muslims, to fight against the Iraqis. Occupation of a Muslim country by an infidel superpower, led Osama in declaring holy war against US (Global Studies, 228). Terrorism in the name of Holy war started by Muslim fundamentalists prevented the Muslim community in the gulf region from concentrating in economic growth or modernization processes. The hostility of Muslim world against the US is mainly because of the US foreign policies against the Muslim countries rather than any cultural or religious differences. (Munson, p. 227) A reorientation of American policy in the Palestine-Israeli conflict can definitely bring down the violent forms of anti-American hatred. (Stanley Hoffman, 186) The advancement in communications has forced the Middle East Muslims to reassess their beliefs. The lack of communication with the external world prevented Muslims from identifying the differences between their world and the rest. (Lewis, p.227) The internet technologies provided them an opportunity for self assessment. Most of the youths who studies in western countries have contributed immensely to the changing attitudes of Muslims regarding their fundamentalism. Today's challenges for most developing countries are economic in nature. (Mediterranean Quarterly: p.124) Economic power is as important as military power. The economic power and natural resources of Middle East community has to be streamlined for the growth of their countries rather than developing fundamentalism. In short the Middle East community has immense potential for growth and modernization. But the question is how the international community can make the Muslim community aware of the dangers of terrorism in the name of holy war. Politics of the Middle East 3 Influence of developmental changes in Iraq on my life The changes, whether it is political, economical, cultural or social, happened at one country will affect peoples of other countries as well because of the global nature of the world. The implementation of globalization policies by most of the countries made it absolutely impossible for the people to stay away from developments in other countries. "In Baghdad, Iraqi Ali Rahim told CNN's John Roberts: "If the Democrats win then the American forces will withdraw from Iraq because the Democrats believe they have had a great loss in Iraq and they see it as a second Vietnam "(Simon Hooper). I know very well that the military expenses of the American troops in Iraq is been collected from the tax payers. For the reconstruction activities in Iraq, the U.S. needs to spend billions of dollars, which again should be collected from the US citizens. I think such feelings led the average American citizen vote against the republicans in the recent elections. "In a Gulf War study, the

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Upon studying Steven Berkoff as a practitioner I have always profoundly noted that his theories are very hard to define due to their ever changing and versatile nature. The lack of official documentation on Berkoffs theories makes it especially hard to fully comprehend what exactly the Berkovian performance style involves and dictates. Fortunately he has written a few journals which chronicle the rehearsal and creative process he has gone through for his various productions. Among these publications is Mediations on Metamorphosis (1995), a journal of Berkoffs time spent in Japan directing the tenth major production of Metamorphosis, and Coriolanus in Deutschland (1992) which chronicles the rehearsal process for his 1988 production of Coriolanus in Munich, Germany. However, these journals are primarily autobiographical and lack much theoretical context. In 1969, Steven Berkoff presented the debut of his adaptation of Frank Kafkas Metamorphosis at the Round House Theatre in London. Thi s production was significant because Berkoff serving for the first time as writer/adapter, director, and actor in a full-length project presented an aesthetic which would become identified as his artistic trademark. Metamorphosiscombined elements of Brechtian Epic Theatre by using actors to purposefully represent characters rather than become them; Antonin Artauds Theatre of Cruelty by breaking from traditional theatre texts and asking the actors to bare their inner thoughts as if they were human-sacrifices to create ritualistic theatre; Jean-Louis Barraults total-theatre by using all possible means to uncover the meaning conscious or otherwise of the play; and Jacques Le Coqs theories of mime, movement, masks, and ensemble, by using the performers to create the environment. Berkoff has also been seen to incorporate some of the visual techniques used in Kabuki, a highly stylized, highly rhythmic classicalJapanese form of theatre. Kabuki music rises about the body of the actor. I t does not impose itself upon the actor, but instead gives musical and rhythmic expression to his movement, and in doing so increases the flow of theatrical expressiveness toward the audience. (1974, p.113) Another aspect of Japanese Kabuki is evident in Berkoffs dealings with masks and face paint. Even though Berkoff appropriated production styles from others and adapted the spoken words from a novel, the end result was uniquely Berkovian. In Mediation of Metamorphosis (1995) Berkoff seems to somewhat challenge someone to define his style when he writes, More than ever I feel my work develop into a kind of school, not by rigid formula but by learning certain techniques which expand your ideology and communication skills. (1995, p.137) There are themes that have undeniably remained relatively constant throughout Berkoffs work, themes that can be seen as somewhat of a base to the Berkovian theoretical framework. These themes I speak of are routed mainly in the belief that the actors instincts should be trusted over all else and the job of theory is to help evoke these instincts. Berkoffs common themes of extensive physical expression, transformation, and over-exaggerated experimental emphasis upon the spoken word should therefore be used as a means to evoke and exaggerate the ac tor instincts when dealing with the character. The atmosphere is in the sound which should come from the throats of the actors. Therefore their sound can control and amplify their situation, since people make sounds as well as moving and speaking. This is total and human, and in this way you return to the actor his mimetic gifts and his oral expressiveness. At the same time one is seeing the situation in human terms, as a story told to us by players. (Gambit, 1978, p.17) Berkoff believes actors should create their own sounds and so breaks traditional mime conventions. Like many of Le Coqs students, Berkoff freely changes the pure form of mime to create his own individual style. Surprisingly Le Coq encourages this practice as it essential to his belief in allowing the actor to work as an individual, believing it is important to be open and not to copy the style of someone else because you will never be as good as he is. Each is better in his own style (Lust, p.106).In drawing from this extract it is clear that I believe Berkoff is often sometimes regarded too highly for originating his performance style when thinking in particular about his instruction of individual development. Most of his performance style is derived from Le Coq who has been proven to have firm roots in the practice of Commedia delle Arte. It seems that most of the Berkovian individuality stems from his Berkoffs own mannerisms. InModern and Post-Modern Mime, Thomas Leabhart summariz es the influences upon Le Coq: Lecoqsschool is one of those theatres that, rather than being a rsum of what has happened, has helped young performers find new directions and so revitalize the theatre. Lecoqs whole vision of the theatre is like Copeaus, remain on the fringes of the commercial theatre, not wanting to give themselves to it as it exists. They, like their teacher, work apart, preserve their artistic vision, nurture their strength, and steadily increase their power to influence the course of theatre history. (1989, p.101-102) Like Lusts definition of postmodern mime, Leabharts summary of Le Coqs influence is applicable to Berkoff. Previously in 1973, Berkoff and The London Group declared their own mission statement: To express drama in the most vital way imaginable; to perform at the height of ones powers with all the available means. That is, through the spoken word, gesture, mime and music. Sometimes the emphasis on one, sometimes on the other.(Theatre Quarterly, 1978, p.39) This philosophical statement is an ideal example of the constants that have remained throughout Berkoffs subsequent career; stylised movement, mime, exaggerated vocal work, direct address, asides, and improvisation are components of nearly every Berkovian performance. Berkoff expects actors to willingly sacrifice themselves physically and emotionally, ready to perform whatever tasks are necessary to illuminate the text. When dealing with texts, as a director, Berkoff does not seek to produce a literal reproduction of texts on stage. It rare to see Berkoff relying on the intent of the author, instead he uses the texts to relay his own ideas on stage. He hasnt denied this. He said himself said that his version of Hamlet (1979) was a dissection of the play (I am Hamlet, 1989), and his staging of Agamemnon was attempted as an analysis of the play rather than a realistic rendering. (2007, p.123) Berkoff predominantly always sees the set as his own responsibility as he believes that it is vital in accordance with his desired aesthetic and theoretical projection. Most of the time he is seen to use minimalist sets usually consisting of one stationary prop, a sofa or a table for example. He believes that any mental environment desired can be created using mime and so it is unnecessary for excessive use of props. Many of his works have been performed in tight close quarter environments with extensive use of glaring light and shadow which seek to emphasize the physical presence on stage. Forever on a quest for vitality Berkoff is very prone to break theatrical conventions, resulting in a style of heavily a contradictory nature. These contradictions are a spouse of his determination to see how I could bring mime together with the spoken word as its opposite partner, creating the form and structure of the piece (1995, p.53). Characteristics such as this can be easily traced to his training with Jacques Le Coq, whom Thomas Leabhart, author of And Post-Modern Mime (1989), as modern teaching mime to talk. (1989, p.101) To fuse these opposites, Berkoff relies on mime, a traditionally silent form, yet he cherishes the spoken word; his productions are very over-the-top energy wise yet depend on great subtlety; the actor should never show himself to be self-conscious yet his presented self is very much so; Berkoff carefully choreographs movement yet he encourages improvisation. Other sources of Berkovian theory is rooted in interviews and short articles (some of which Berkoff has written) which have been printed in various journals. One the most significant of these articles titled Three Theatre Manifestos. (1978) In an interview present in the Three Theatre Manisfestos (1978) Berkoff outlines his philosophy which, according to him, has changed little through the years; he summarizes his theories by stating: In the end there is only the actor, his body, mind and voiceThe actor exists without the playhe can improvise, be silent, mime, make sounds and be a witness. (1978, p.11) Another extract from Three Theatre Manifestos depicts Berkoff sounding remarkably similar to Antoni Artaud and his Threatre of Cruelty: Acting for me is the closest metaphor to human sacrifice on the stage; (1978, p.7) other echo the thoughts of Brecht By describing the accident, the witness becomes the accident; he is there reliving it. (1978, p.11) The visual elements of a Berkovian production are strikingly stark. Classical Greek theatre, Japanese Kabuki, and Vsevelod Meyerholds constructivism, are particularly influential on Berkoffs visual aesthetic.By mixing minimal sets with very theatrical costumes, masks, and lighting, the visual focus is on the actor. Though the costumes draw attention to themselves, they serve to emphasize the performer and help to create the environment and the characterization. To draw a conclusion on Berkoffs authenticity in theatre one must take at look at his work in a broader sense. Berkoffs contribution and influence upon theatre is clear, but his place as a name in history in questionable. Berkoffs performance aesthetic will undoubtedly always exist in various different forms but whether he will be credited with association is a question for future historians. However because his work is thoroughly grounded in the works of many famous theatre names his style will undoubtedly be incorporated into many future artists works knowingly or not. Bibliography: Berkoff, S (1995) Mediations on Metamorphosis, London: Faber and Faber Berkoff, S (1978) Three Theatre Manifestos.Gambit vol.32 p.7-21 Berkoff, S (1989) I am Hamlet. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, Interview with Anthony Claire.Anthony Claire Show. BBC Radio, London. N. dat. Berkoff, S (1996) Agamemnon and The Fall of the House of Usher. Oxford: Amber Lane Press Elder, B (1978) Doing the Inexpressible Uncommonly Well. Theatre Quarterly, p.37-43 Ernst, E (1974) The Kabuki Theatre, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Leabhart, T (1989) Modern and Post-Modern Mime. New York: St. Martins. Lust, A (2000) From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: A Chronicle Of The Many Visages Of Mime In Theatre. Kent, Scarecrow. Keefe, J (2007) Physical theatres: A Critical Reader, London, Routledge

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

The very mention of the name Vietnam in the 1960s and '70s came to signify either a brutal jungle war or a spectacular failure of American power - or both. Thankfully, the combined legacies of French occupation, the Vietnam War and withdrawal of Soviet aid in 1990 have given way to the Vietnamese citizens' thriving entrepreneurial spirit, fueled by overseas investment and a relaxing of government control. And yet, the exotic chime of names and places still remains: Hue, Dien Bien Phu, the Perfumed River, the Plain of Reeds. The people are erudite and friendly, the food a delicious mixture of French and local cuisine's, and the scenery is sublime. Although Vietnam lies in the intertropical zone, local conditions vary from frosty winter in the far northern hills to the year-round subequatorial warmth of the Mekong Delta. At sea level, the mean annual temperature is about 27 degrees C in the south, falling to about 21 degrees C in the far north. Because of its wide range of latitudes and altitudes, there are no good or bad seasons for visiting Vietnam. When one region is wet, cold or steaming hot, there is always somewhere else that is pleasantly warm and sunny. Visitors should take into account the Vietnamese New Year celebration (Tet) which falls in late January or early February - flights and accommodation are often fully booked. Four great philosophies and religions have shaped the spiritual life of the Vietnamese people: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Christianity. Over the centuries, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism have melded with popular Chinese beliefs and ancient Vietnamese animism to form what is known as Tam Giao (or `Triple Religion'). The Vietnamese language (kinh) is a hybrid of Mon-Khmer, Tai and Chinese elements with many of its basic words derived from the monotonic Mon-Khmer languages. The most widely spoken foreign languages in Vietnam are Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin), English, French and Russian, more or less in that order. Popular artistic forms include: traditional painting produced on frame- mounted silk; an eclectic array of theaters, puppetry, music and dance; religious sculpture; and lacquerware. Vietnamese cuisine is especially varied - there are said to be nearly 500 different traditional dishes, ranging from exotic meats such as bat, cobra and pangolin to fantastic vegetarian creations (often prepared to replicate meat and fish dishes). However, the staple of Vietnamese cuisine is plain white rice dressed up with a plethora of vegetables, meat, fish, spices and sauces. Spring rolls and steamed rice pancakes are popular snacks, and the ubiquitous soups include eel and vermicelli, shredded chicken and bitter soups. Some of the more unusual fruits available include green dragon fruit, jujube, khaki, longan, mangosteen, pomelo, three-seed cherry and water apple.

Partnership Law Assignment

Introduction and Issues The facts presented here indicate that a partnership has been set up between three individuals and that there is a partnership agreement in place to deal with the operation of the business. Several factual situations have arisen and this will require the partners to look at the agreement entered into between the parties, as well the statutory provisions that are contained within the Partnership Act 1890 (PA). When looking at the situations being presented here, it is recognised that there is a partnership agreement in place and this would need to be seen in its entirety, in order to advise fully. Based on the above, this discussion will look at the facts presented and the extract of the agreement, alongside the statutory provisions, in order to determine ultimately the way in which the various issues raised can be dealt with. This will depend on a combination of the statutory provisions and anything that may be in a partnership agreement. As the partnership agreement has not been see n, the basis of this advice is that the partnership agreement is in keeping with the statutory and common law provisions. Four key issues have been identified and will be discussed in turn. Firstly, there are queries in relation to the potential appointment of either Tina or Helen, both of whom are related to Andrea and for slightly different reasons she wishes them to be included in the partnership. Secondly, there is a question in relation to the potential expulsion of Julia from the partnership. Thirdly, a suggested arbitration clause has been requested and is contained below. Finally, there is the query of the liability of Michael to the supplier and his relationship with the partnership and the supplier, i.e. whether he was acting as an agent. Therefore the supplier could legitimately bring an action against the partnership for the money owed or the question as to whether Michael would be liable personally. Appointment of Tina and / or Helen There are duties placed upon partners by virtue of their entering into partnership arrangements. These are stated in the Partnership Act 1890. Firstly, there is the duty to act in the utmost good faith towards the other partners. Secondly, there is a duty for the partners not to make a personal profit and not to place themselves in a position when the interest conflicts with their duty. As there are three partners within the current partnership arrangements, a majority i.e. two of the partners would be able to agree the inclusion of another partner. In principle, therefore, if Catherine remains unhappy about the proposition, she alone could not block this appointment. It is however argued, particularly in the case of Tina, that Andrea is acting in breach of her fiduciary duties to the partnership by attempting to include Tina, simply so that the partnership could remain within her family, in the future. There is a strong argument that putting Tina forward is a conflict of interest an d therefore should not be allowed by virtue of the Partnership Act. Therefore, Catherine could present this argument, even if she remains in a minority. The position in relation to Helen is somewhat more complex, as it could be argued to be in the partnership’s best interests to recruit a much needed bookkeeper who is suitably qualified. As it would seem that Andrea and Julia would vote in favour of including Tina and Helen in the partnership, it would then be up to Catherine to argue that Andrea is acting in breach of her duties. It would be considerably easier for Catherine to prove this in the case of Tina who seemingly has no purpose in the partnership save as to further Andrea’s interests. In reality, however, it would be necessary to look at the provisions of the partnership agreements, in order to ascertain what would happen in the event of a dispute. The ultimate sanction for a partnership that is no longer tenable is the winding up of the partnership and this may not be desirable to any of the partners (section 26). In that case, consideration should be given to any arbitration of the possibility or the opportunity of one party to buy another out. It is not clear what provisions are contained within the partnership agreement for this and therefore the rules established in the Partnership Act 1890 prevailed on the partnership, with the danger of being wound up, if no agreement can be reached. It is also noted that, in accordance with clause 20, a notice of expulsion could be issued upon Andrea stating that she has breached her duties as a partner within the partnership. Although Catherine is unhappy with their actions, there is no indication that Julia is insufficiently unhappy that she is likely to be willing to pursue this route, although it does present a potential option in the event that both Catherine and Julia feel sufficiently strongly that Andrea is breaching her duties, in attempting to ensure that the partnership stays within h er family, in the future. Expulsion of Julia Firstly, it is noted that, in accordance with section 25 of the 1890 Act, there is no immediate right for the majority to expel a fellow partner within the partnership. Therefore, it is necessary for Andrea and Catherine to look at the provisions of the partnership agreement, in order to ascertain whether or not they have any legitimate way to expel Julia, based on recent events. An alternative would be to look at the dissolution of the partnership and there are certain conditions within the Act which allow for this, although at this stage it is not perceived to be the desirable route and instead both Andrea and Catherine are looking towards the clauses within the partnership agreement, in order to expel Julia. An extract of the partnership agreement, namely clause 20, has been provided and it is recognised that there may be additional clauses within the agreement which have not been seen that could impact on the advice given. However, for the purposes of providing this advice, claus e 20 will be looked at. It is possible for the remaining partners to provide a notice in writing to the partner who is in breach of clause 20, terminating their position within the partnership, if the partner acts in a way that is a breach of their duties, or if they have acted in a way that is contrary to good faith between the partners, such notice may be provided. In this case, Julia has been convicted of a criminal offence namely drunk and disorderly behaviour, with a recognition that Julia is undergoing difficult personal circumstances. The question here would therefore be whether this conviction is such that it breaches one of the partnership duties, or creates a situation where it cannot be said that Julia is acting in good faith, going forwards. It is suggested that, due to Julia’s current level of distress, there is a strong argument that the necessary good faith between the partners has irretrievably been eroded and that clause 20 is then utilised in order to expel Julia from the partnership. In the alternative to taking a litigious approach and given Julia’s existing unhappiness with the attempted changes from Andrea, a form of settlement may be possible, or arbitration to resolve the situation. It is unclear as to whether these situations are dealt with within the partnership agreement and further investigation is necessary to prevent a potential dissolution or battle in relation to the expulsion of Julia. It is, however, concluded that the actions of Julia are sufficiently severe that they could be used in order to expel her. Arbitration Clause As evident above, it would be advisable for the partnership agreement to have some form of dispute resolution mechanism in place. A suggested wording for such arbitration or dispute resolution mechanism is as follows: â€Å"Except as otherwise provided, any dispute arising out of or in connection with this agreement, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, or the legal relationships established by this agreement, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the Rules of the London Court of International Arbitration, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause. (a) The number of arbitrators shall be one. (b) The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be London. (c) The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English. (d) The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of England and Wales. 33.2 This clause shall be without prejudice to the rights of any party to seek any injunctive or similar relief from the courts to protect its intellectual property rights, confidentiality obligations, restrictions on the activities of any Partner or former Partner or other rights of any description.† This offers a dispute resolution mechanism that is both certain and efficient in dealing with such disputes and does not require the dissolution of a partnership unnecessarily. Liability of Michael as Agent Finally, there is the issue of Michael who did not become a partner who was sufficiently involved at the outset that his name has been placed on stationery. The firm purchased equipment from a personal friend of Michael, based on this personal relationship, with the belief that Michael was a partner in the firm. The question here therefore is whether it is reasonable for the company to be taking action against Michael personally, or whether he was acting as an agent for the firm. Typically, where an individual is acting as an agent between the firm and the supplier and this is known by supplier, it is the firm that would remain entirely liable for any agreement entered into. However, in this case, it would seem that Michael was acting as for an undisclosed principal and the supplier was not aware that they were in fact contracting with the firm, which was a partnership which did not include Michael. The supplier seemingly believed that he was contracting directly with Michael as a pa rtner within the firm. When this is the case the third party i.e. the supplier, has a choice as to whether they enforce the contract against the principal, i.e. the firm or the agent, i.e. Michael. The actual discussion or arrangement with Michael is not clear; however, it is known that Michael had his name on the stationery used to communicate with the supplier. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to suggest that the supplier would have felt they were dealing with Michael personally or at least as part of the firm. On this basis, and with the fact that the supplier is now concerned about the financial validity of the firm, it would seem likely that the firm is going to look towards Michael personally to be liable for the contract. Conclusions and Summary The position within this partnership remains volatile, with three separate partners all of whom have agreed to the partnership agreement, all having disputes of some nature with each other. Fundamentally, however, in accordance with the Partnership Act 1890, it is necessary for each partner to be acting in good faith and to the overall benefit of the partnership and not on their own account. This standard will need to be borne in mind when looking at Andrea’s proposition of bringing on board both of her daughters. There is seemingly little argument in favour of the partnership bringing on board Tina; however, this is slightly less obvious with Helen, as she brings necessary skills to the partnership. The majority of the partnership cannot vote to expel an individual, in this case Julia, unless such conditions are contained within the agreement. According to the extract of the agreement provided, an expulsion is possible where the partner was not acting in good faith. A crimina l conviction does not necessarily indicate bad faith and this would be a matter of fact to be determined by the two partners looking to expel Julia. Finally, there is a strong argument that Michael, by virtue of the firm stationery and potentially any discussions with the supplier, will be held personally liable, having acted as an agent for an undisclosed principal. Bibliography Atwood v Maule (1868) 3 Ch App 369 Blisset v Daniel (1853) 10 Hare 493 Partnership Act 1890 section 24 r.7 Partnership Act 1890 section 25 Maillie v Swanney (2000) SLT 464 Morse, G (2010) Partnership Law, Oxford University Press. p.153 Sealy, L Hooley, R Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials, OUP. P.122 Watteau v Fenwick, [1893] 1 QB 346