Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner Essay

Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner - Essay Example It should be noted that when the governments prioritizes corporate subsidies and allocate less fund for welfare payments, it just emphasizes that corporations are much needy than the public. This is even more strongly felt now that the country is operating on a tight budget. Theory then states that the private sector should be solely responsible for the provision of social programs. This paper opts to offer an insight to this issue by looking at the economic argument for and against corporate welfare. It is irrefutable that corporate welfare is one of the most debated social and economic issues. The term "corporate welfare" is coined by Ralph Nader in 1956 in order to describe the "benefits conferred on corporations as compared to any corporate payment, or goods or services provided, to the government." With this definition, Nader looks beyond the benefits conferred and costs incurred by a particular program by looking at the government's costs and benefits. For example, if a program involves the government giving more to private companies than it gets back, then it is considered as corporate welfare. ... Corporate welfare can take the form of direct grants to business, programs that provide research and other services for industries, and programs that provide subsidized loans or insurance to business. A good example is the Ohio Loan Law in 1837 which "required the State to give tax revenues to private canal, turnpike, and railroad corporations while permitting them also to charge tolls" (Nader 1999). Others include the Market Access Program for the agricultural department, the Advanced Technology Program, and Technology Reinvestment Program (Stansel n.d.). These moves emphasize these companies importance to the local government. The common argument for corporate welfare is more economic than social. It should be noted that tax perks like tax holidays and tax breaks are commonly used by governments in order to encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment. This is more apparent in developing countries where the economy is largely dependent on foreign players. The main argument for this is that "economy is dependent on business stability and that corporate development is directly linked to job growth" (Perryman 1996). When tax breaks are offered, companies can operate more efficiently by cutting down on operational costs. Tax breaks are also potent ways to attract more companies thereby increasing the locality's production and income. The presence of corporate subsidies also ensures the stability of the business sector. When the government provides corporate welfare, it in fact, works in ensuring that companies continue to operate efficiently. It should be noted that corporate welfare includes provision o f funds, projects, and programs which aids business organizations in research and development, marketing, and in their production efforts.

Politics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics of the Middle East - Essay Example The intermediate power in the society such as the landed gentry, the city merchants, the tribal chiefs and others has effectively reduced the power of the state and negatively impacted the modernization (Lewis, p.225) As per the Muslim belief any fight against the belief of their religion is considered as a sacred war (jihad) (The making of a modern terrorist, p.5) Osama bin Laden's dislike against the US started from the occupation of US troops in Saudi Arabia, the holy country of Muslims, to fight against the Iraqis. Occupation of a Muslim country by an infidel superpower, led Osama in declaring holy war against US (Global Studies, 228). Terrorism in the name of Holy war started by Muslim fundamentalists prevented the Muslim community in the gulf region from concentrating in economic growth or modernization processes. The hostility of Muslim world against the US is mainly because of the US foreign policies against the Muslim countries rather than any cultural or religious differences. (Munson, p. 227) A reorientation of American policy in the Palestine-Israeli conflict can definitely bring down the violent forms of anti-American hatred. (Stanley Hoffman, 186) The advancement in communications has forced the Middle East Muslims to reassess their beliefs. The lack of communication with the external world prevented Muslims from identifying the differences between their world and the rest. (Lewis, p.227) The internet technologies provided them an opportunity for self assessment. Most of the youths who studies in western countries have contributed immensely to the changing attitudes of Muslims regarding their fundamentalism. Today's challenges for most developing countries are economic in nature. (Mediterranean Quarterly: p.124) Economic power is as important as military power. The economic power and natural resources of Middle East community has to be streamlined for the growth of their countries rather than developing fundamentalism. In short the Middle East community has immense potential for growth and modernization. But the question is how the international community can make the Muslim community aware of the dangers of terrorism in the name of holy war. Politics of the Middle East 3 Influence of developmental changes in Iraq on my life The changes, whether it is political, economical, cultural or social, happened at one country will affect peoples of other countries as well because of the global nature of the world. The implementation of globalization policies by most of the countries made it absolutely impossible for the people to stay away from developments in other countries. "In Baghdad, Iraqi Ali Rahim told CNN's John Roberts: "If the Democrats win then the American forces will withdraw from Iraq because the Democrats believe they have had a great loss in Iraq and they see it as a second Vietnam "(Simon Hooper). I know very well that the military expenses of the American troops in Iraq is been collected from the tax payers. For the reconstruction activities in Iraq, the U.S. needs to spend billions of dollars, which again should be collected from the US citizens. I think such feelings led the average American citizen vote against the republicans in the recent elections. "In a Gulf War study, the

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Upon studying Steven Berkoff as a practitioner I have always profoundly noted that his theories are very hard to define due to their ever changing and versatile nature. The lack of official documentation on Berkoffs theories makes it especially hard to fully comprehend what exactly the Berkovian performance style involves and dictates. Fortunately he has written a few journals which chronicle the rehearsal and creative process he has gone through for his various productions. Among these publications is Mediations on Metamorphosis (1995), a journal of Berkoffs time spent in Japan directing the tenth major production of Metamorphosis, and Coriolanus in Deutschland (1992) which chronicles the rehearsal process for his 1988 production of Coriolanus in Munich, Germany. However, these journals are primarily autobiographical and lack much theoretical context. In 1969, Steven Berkoff presented the debut of his adaptation of Frank Kafkas Metamorphosis at the Round House Theatre in London. Thi s production was significant because Berkoff serving for the first time as writer/adapter, director, and actor in a full-length project presented an aesthetic which would become identified as his artistic trademark. Metamorphosiscombined elements of Brechtian Epic Theatre by using actors to purposefully represent characters rather than become them; Antonin Artauds Theatre of Cruelty by breaking from traditional theatre texts and asking the actors to bare their inner thoughts as if they were human-sacrifices to create ritualistic theatre; Jean-Louis Barraults total-theatre by using all possible means to uncover the meaning conscious or otherwise of the play; and Jacques Le Coqs theories of mime, movement, masks, and ensemble, by using the performers to create the environment. Berkoff has also been seen to incorporate some of the visual techniques used in Kabuki, a highly stylized, highly rhythmic classicalJapanese form of theatre. Kabuki music rises about the body of the actor. I t does not impose itself upon the actor, but instead gives musical and rhythmic expression to his movement, and in doing so increases the flow of theatrical expressiveness toward the audience. (1974, p.113) Another aspect of Japanese Kabuki is evident in Berkoffs dealings with masks and face paint. Even though Berkoff appropriated production styles from others and adapted the spoken words from a novel, the end result was uniquely Berkovian. In Mediation of Metamorphosis (1995) Berkoff seems to somewhat challenge someone to define his style when he writes, More than ever I feel my work develop into a kind of school, not by rigid formula but by learning certain techniques which expand your ideology and communication skills. (1995, p.137) There are themes that have undeniably remained relatively constant throughout Berkoffs work, themes that can be seen as somewhat of a base to the Berkovian theoretical framework. These themes I speak of are routed mainly in the belief that the actors instincts should be trusted over all else and the job of theory is to help evoke these instincts. Berkoffs common themes of extensive physical expression, transformation, and over-exaggerated experimental emphasis upon the spoken word should therefore be used as a means to evoke and exaggerate the ac tor instincts when dealing with the character. The atmosphere is in the sound which should come from the throats of the actors. Therefore their sound can control and amplify their situation, since people make sounds as well as moving and speaking. This is total and human, and in this way you return to the actor his mimetic gifts and his oral expressiveness. At the same time one is seeing the situation in human terms, as a story told to us by players. (Gambit, 1978, p.17) Berkoff believes actors should create their own sounds and so breaks traditional mime conventions. Like many of Le Coqs students, Berkoff freely changes the pure form of mime to create his own individual style. Surprisingly Le Coq encourages this practice as it essential to his belief in allowing the actor to work as an individual, believing it is important to be open and not to copy the style of someone else because you will never be as good as he is. Each is better in his own style (Lust, p.106).In drawing from this extract it is clear that I believe Berkoff is often sometimes regarded too highly for originating his performance style when thinking in particular about his instruction of individual development. Most of his performance style is derived from Le Coq who has been proven to have firm roots in the practice of Commedia delle Arte. It seems that most of the Berkovian individuality stems from his Berkoffs own mannerisms. InModern and Post-Modern Mime, Thomas Leabhart summariz es the influences upon Le Coq: Lecoqsschool is one of those theatres that, rather than being a rsum of what has happened, has helped young performers find new directions and so revitalize the theatre. Lecoqs whole vision of the theatre is like Copeaus, remain on the fringes of the commercial theatre, not wanting to give themselves to it as it exists. They, like their teacher, work apart, preserve their artistic vision, nurture their strength, and steadily increase their power to influence the course of theatre history. (1989, p.101-102) Like Lusts definition of postmodern mime, Leabharts summary of Le Coqs influence is applicable to Berkoff. Previously in 1973, Berkoff and The London Group declared their own mission statement: To express drama in the most vital way imaginable; to perform at the height of ones powers with all the available means. That is, through the spoken word, gesture, mime and music. Sometimes the emphasis on one, sometimes on the other.(Theatre Quarterly, 1978, p.39) This philosophical statement is an ideal example of the constants that have remained throughout Berkoffs subsequent career; stylised movement, mime, exaggerated vocal work, direct address, asides, and improvisation are components of nearly every Berkovian performance. Berkoff expects actors to willingly sacrifice themselves physically and emotionally, ready to perform whatever tasks are necessary to illuminate the text. When dealing with texts, as a director, Berkoff does not seek to produce a literal reproduction of texts on stage. It rare to see Berkoff relying on the intent of the author, instead he uses the texts to relay his own ideas on stage. He hasnt denied this. He said himself said that his version of Hamlet (1979) was a dissection of the play (I am Hamlet, 1989), and his staging of Agamemnon was attempted as an analysis of the play rather than a realistic rendering. (2007, p.123) Berkoff predominantly always sees the set as his own responsibility as he believes that it is vital in accordance with his desired aesthetic and theoretical projection. Most of the time he is seen to use minimalist sets usually consisting of one stationary prop, a sofa or a table for example. He believes that any mental environment desired can be created using mime and so it is unnecessary for excessive use of props. Many of his works have been performed in tight close quarter environments with extensive use of glaring light and shadow which seek to emphasize the physical presence on stage. Forever on a quest for vitality Berkoff is very prone to break theatrical conventions, resulting in a style of heavily a contradictory nature. These contradictions are a spouse of his determination to see how I could bring mime together with the spoken word as its opposite partner, creating the form and structure of the piece (1995, p.53). Characteristics such as this can be easily traced to his training with Jacques Le Coq, whom Thomas Leabhart, author of And Post-Modern Mime (1989), as modern teaching mime to talk. (1989, p.101) To fuse these opposites, Berkoff relies on mime, a traditionally silent form, yet he cherishes the spoken word; his productions are very over-the-top energy wise yet depend on great subtlety; the actor should never show himself to be self-conscious yet his presented self is very much so; Berkoff carefully choreographs movement yet he encourages improvisation. Other sources of Berkovian theory is rooted in interviews and short articles (some of which Berkoff has written) which have been printed in various journals. One the most significant of these articles titled Three Theatre Manifestos. (1978) In an interview present in the Three Theatre Manisfestos (1978) Berkoff outlines his philosophy which, according to him, has changed little through the years; he summarizes his theories by stating: In the end there is only the actor, his body, mind and voiceThe actor exists without the playhe can improvise, be silent, mime, make sounds and be a witness. (1978, p.11) Another extract from Three Theatre Manifestos depicts Berkoff sounding remarkably similar to Antoni Artaud and his Threatre of Cruelty: Acting for me is the closest metaphor to human sacrifice on the stage; (1978, p.7) other echo the thoughts of Brecht By describing the accident, the witness becomes the accident; he is there reliving it. (1978, p.11) The visual elements of a Berkovian production are strikingly stark. Classical Greek theatre, Japanese Kabuki, and Vsevelod Meyerholds constructivism, are particularly influential on Berkoffs visual aesthetic.By mixing minimal sets with very theatrical costumes, masks, and lighting, the visual focus is on the actor. Though the costumes draw attention to themselves, they serve to emphasize the performer and help to create the environment and the characterization. To draw a conclusion on Berkoffs authenticity in theatre one must take at look at his work in a broader sense. Berkoffs contribution and influence upon theatre is clear, but his place as a name in history in questionable. Berkoffs performance aesthetic will undoubtedly always exist in various different forms but whether he will be credited with association is a question for future historians. However because his work is thoroughly grounded in the works of many famous theatre names his style will undoubtedly be incorporated into many future artists works knowingly or not. Bibliography: Berkoff, S (1995) Mediations on Metamorphosis, London: Faber and Faber Berkoff, S (1978) Three Theatre Manifestos.Gambit vol.32 p.7-21 Berkoff, S (1989) I am Hamlet. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, Interview with Anthony Claire.Anthony Claire Show. BBC Radio, London. N. dat. Berkoff, S (1996) Agamemnon and The Fall of the House of Usher. Oxford: Amber Lane Press Elder, B (1978) Doing the Inexpressible Uncommonly Well. Theatre Quarterly, p.37-43 Ernst, E (1974) The Kabuki Theatre, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Leabhart, T (1989) Modern and Post-Modern Mime. New York: St. Martins. Lust, A (2000) From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: A Chronicle Of The Many Visages Of Mime In Theatre. Kent, Scarecrow. Keefe, J (2007) Physical theatres: A Critical Reader, London, Routledge

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

The very mention of the name Vietnam in the 1960s and '70s came to signify either a brutal jungle war or a spectacular failure of American power - or both. Thankfully, the combined legacies of French occupation, the Vietnam War and withdrawal of Soviet aid in 1990 have given way to the Vietnamese citizens' thriving entrepreneurial spirit, fueled by overseas investment and a relaxing of government control. And yet, the exotic chime of names and places still remains: Hue, Dien Bien Phu, the Perfumed River, the Plain of Reeds. The people are erudite and friendly, the food a delicious mixture of French and local cuisine's, and the scenery is sublime. Although Vietnam lies in the intertropical zone, local conditions vary from frosty winter in the far northern hills to the year-round subequatorial warmth of the Mekong Delta. At sea level, the mean annual temperature is about 27 degrees C in the south, falling to about 21 degrees C in the far north. Because of its wide range of latitudes and altitudes, there are no good or bad seasons for visiting Vietnam. When one region is wet, cold or steaming hot, there is always somewhere else that is pleasantly warm and sunny. Visitors should take into account the Vietnamese New Year celebration (Tet) which falls in late January or early February - flights and accommodation are often fully booked. Four great philosophies and religions have shaped the spiritual life of the Vietnamese people: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Christianity. Over the centuries, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism have melded with popular Chinese beliefs and ancient Vietnamese animism to form what is known as Tam Giao (or `Triple Religion'). The Vietnamese language (kinh) is a hybrid of Mon-Khmer, Tai and Chinese elements with many of its basic words derived from the monotonic Mon-Khmer languages. The most widely spoken foreign languages in Vietnam are Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin), English, French and Russian, more or less in that order. Popular artistic forms include: traditional painting produced on frame- mounted silk; an eclectic array of theaters, puppetry, music and dance; religious sculpture; and lacquerware. Vietnamese cuisine is especially varied - there are said to be nearly 500 different traditional dishes, ranging from exotic meats such as bat, cobra and pangolin to fantastic vegetarian creations (often prepared to replicate meat and fish dishes). However, the staple of Vietnamese cuisine is plain white rice dressed up with a plethora of vegetables, meat, fish, spices and sauces. Spring rolls and steamed rice pancakes are popular snacks, and the ubiquitous soups include eel and vermicelli, shredded chicken and bitter soups. Some of the more unusual fruits available include green dragon fruit, jujube, khaki, longan, mangosteen, pomelo, three-seed cherry and water apple.

Partnership Law Assignment

Introduction and Issues The facts presented here indicate that a partnership has been set up between three individuals and that there is a partnership agreement in place to deal with the operation of the business. Several factual situations have arisen and this will require the partners to look at the agreement entered into between the parties, as well the statutory provisions that are contained within the Partnership Act 1890 (PA). When looking at the situations being presented here, it is recognised that there is a partnership agreement in place and this would need to be seen in its entirety, in order to advise fully. Based on the above, this discussion will look at the facts presented and the extract of the agreement, alongside the statutory provisions, in order to determine ultimately the way in which the various issues raised can be dealt with. This will depend on a combination of the statutory provisions and anything that may be in a partnership agreement. As the partnership agreement has not been see n, the basis of this advice is that the partnership agreement is in keeping with the statutory and common law provisions. Four key issues have been identified and will be discussed in turn. Firstly, there are queries in relation to the potential appointment of either Tina or Helen, both of whom are related to Andrea and for slightly different reasons she wishes them to be included in the partnership. Secondly, there is a question in relation to the potential expulsion of Julia from the partnership. Thirdly, a suggested arbitration clause has been requested and is contained below. Finally, there is the query of the liability of Michael to the supplier and his relationship with the partnership and the supplier, i.e. whether he was acting as an agent. Therefore the supplier could legitimately bring an action against the partnership for the money owed or the question as to whether Michael would be liable personally. Appointment of Tina and / or Helen There are duties placed upon partners by virtue of their entering into partnership arrangements. These are stated in the Partnership Act 1890. Firstly, there is the duty to act in the utmost good faith towards the other partners. Secondly, there is a duty for the partners not to make a personal profit and not to place themselves in a position when the interest conflicts with their duty. As there are three partners within the current partnership arrangements, a majority i.e. two of the partners would be able to agree the inclusion of another partner. In principle, therefore, if Catherine remains unhappy about the proposition, she alone could not block this appointment. It is however argued, particularly in the case of Tina, that Andrea is acting in breach of her fiduciary duties to the partnership by attempting to include Tina, simply so that the partnership could remain within her family, in the future. There is a strong argument that putting Tina forward is a conflict of interest an d therefore should not be allowed by virtue of the Partnership Act. Therefore, Catherine could present this argument, even if she remains in a minority. The position in relation to Helen is somewhat more complex, as it could be argued to be in the partnership’s best interests to recruit a much needed bookkeeper who is suitably qualified. As it would seem that Andrea and Julia would vote in favour of including Tina and Helen in the partnership, it would then be up to Catherine to argue that Andrea is acting in breach of her duties. It would be considerably easier for Catherine to prove this in the case of Tina who seemingly has no purpose in the partnership save as to further Andrea’s interests. In reality, however, it would be necessary to look at the provisions of the partnership agreements, in order to ascertain what would happen in the event of a dispute. The ultimate sanction for a partnership that is no longer tenable is the winding up of the partnership and this may not be desirable to any of the partners (section 26). In that case, consideration should be given to any arbitration of the possibility or the opportunity of one party to buy another out. It is not clear what provisions are contained within the partnership agreement for this and therefore the rules established in the Partnership Act 1890 prevailed on the partnership, with the danger of being wound up, if no agreement can be reached. It is also noted that, in accordance with clause 20, a notice of expulsion could be issued upon Andrea stating that she has breached her duties as a partner within the partnership. Although Catherine is unhappy with their actions, there is no indication that Julia is insufficiently unhappy that she is likely to be willing to pursue this route, although it does present a potential option in the event that both Catherine and Julia feel sufficiently strongly that Andrea is breaching her duties, in attempting to ensure that the partnership stays within h er family, in the future. Expulsion of Julia Firstly, it is noted that, in accordance with section 25 of the 1890 Act, there is no immediate right for the majority to expel a fellow partner within the partnership. Therefore, it is necessary for Andrea and Catherine to look at the provisions of the partnership agreement, in order to ascertain whether or not they have any legitimate way to expel Julia, based on recent events. An alternative would be to look at the dissolution of the partnership and there are certain conditions within the Act which allow for this, although at this stage it is not perceived to be the desirable route and instead both Andrea and Catherine are looking towards the clauses within the partnership agreement, in order to expel Julia. An extract of the partnership agreement, namely clause 20, has been provided and it is recognised that there may be additional clauses within the agreement which have not been seen that could impact on the advice given. However, for the purposes of providing this advice, claus e 20 will be looked at. It is possible for the remaining partners to provide a notice in writing to the partner who is in breach of clause 20, terminating their position within the partnership, if the partner acts in a way that is a breach of their duties, or if they have acted in a way that is contrary to good faith between the partners, such notice may be provided. In this case, Julia has been convicted of a criminal offence namely drunk and disorderly behaviour, with a recognition that Julia is undergoing difficult personal circumstances. The question here would therefore be whether this conviction is such that it breaches one of the partnership duties, or creates a situation where it cannot be said that Julia is acting in good faith, going forwards. It is suggested that, due to Julia’s current level of distress, there is a strong argument that the necessary good faith between the partners has irretrievably been eroded and that clause 20 is then utilised in order to expel Julia from the partnership. In the alternative to taking a litigious approach and given Julia’s existing unhappiness with the attempted changes from Andrea, a form of settlement may be possible, or arbitration to resolve the situation. It is unclear as to whether these situations are dealt with within the partnership agreement and further investigation is necessary to prevent a potential dissolution or battle in relation to the expulsion of Julia. It is, however, concluded that the actions of Julia are sufficiently severe that they could be used in order to expel her. Arbitration Clause As evident above, it would be advisable for the partnership agreement to have some form of dispute resolution mechanism in place. A suggested wording for such arbitration or dispute resolution mechanism is as follows: â€Å"Except as otherwise provided, any dispute arising out of or in connection with this agreement, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, or the legal relationships established by this agreement, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the Rules of the London Court of International Arbitration, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause. (a) The number of arbitrators shall be one. (b) The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be London. (c) The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English. (d) The governing law of the contract shall be the substantive law of England and Wales. 33.2 This clause shall be without prejudice to the rights of any party to seek any injunctive or similar relief from the courts to protect its intellectual property rights, confidentiality obligations, restrictions on the activities of any Partner or former Partner or other rights of any description.† This offers a dispute resolution mechanism that is both certain and efficient in dealing with such disputes and does not require the dissolution of a partnership unnecessarily. Liability of Michael as Agent Finally, there is the issue of Michael who did not become a partner who was sufficiently involved at the outset that his name has been placed on stationery. The firm purchased equipment from a personal friend of Michael, based on this personal relationship, with the belief that Michael was a partner in the firm. The question here therefore is whether it is reasonable for the company to be taking action against Michael personally, or whether he was acting as an agent for the firm. Typically, where an individual is acting as an agent between the firm and the supplier and this is known by supplier, it is the firm that would remain entirely liable for any agreement entered into. However, in this case, it would seem that Michael was acting as for an undisclosed principal and the supplier was not aware that they were in fact contracting with the firm, which was a partnership which did not include Michael. The supplier seemingly believed that he was contracting directly with Michael as a pa rtner within the firm. When this is the case the third party i.e. the supplier, has a choice as to whether they enforce the contract against the principal, i.e. the firm or the agent, i.e. Michael. The actual discussion or arrangement with Michael is not clear; however, it is known that Michael had his name on the stationery used to communicate with the supplier. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to suggest that the supplier would have felt they were dealing with Michael personally or at least as part of the firm. On this basis, and with the fact that the supplier is now concerned about the financial validity of the firm, it would seem likely that the firm is going to look towards Michael personally to be liable for the contract. Conclusions and Summary The position within this partnership remains volatile, with three separate partners all of whom have agreed to the partnership agreement, all having disputes of some nature with each other. Fundamentally, however, in accordance with the Partnership Act 1890, it is necessary for each partner to be acting in good faith and to the overall benefit of the partnership and not on their own account. This standard will need to be borne in mind when looking at Andrea’s proposition of bringing on board both of her daughters. There is seemingly little argument in favour of the partnership bringing on board Tina; however, this is slightly less obvious with Helen, as she brings necessary skills to the partnership. The majority of the partnership cannot vote to expel an individual, in this case Julia, unless such conditions are contained within the agreement. According to the extract of the agreement provided, an expulsion is possible where the partner was not acting in good faith. A crimina l conviction does not necessarily indicate bad faith and this would be a matter of fact to be determined by the two partners looking to expel Julia. Finally, there is a strong argument that Michael, by virtue of the firm stationery and potentially any discussions with the supplier, will be held personally liable, having acted as an agent for an undisclosed principal. Bibliography Atwood v Maule (1868) 3 Ch App 369 Blisset v Daniel (1853) 10 Hare 493 Partnership Act 1890 section 24 r.7 Partnership Act 1890 section 25 Maillie v Swanney (2000) SLT 464 Morse, G (2010) Partnership Law, Oxford University Press. p.153 Sealy, L Hooley, R Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials, OUP. P.122 Watteau v Fenwick, [1893] 1 QB 346

Person centred values Essay

A.C 1.2- Outline the benefits of working with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner It is important to work with an individual with dementia in a person-centred manner in other to meet the individual’s needs and to provide the best quality care service. The benefits include to ensure quality of life of the individual and to treat the individual as deem fit and necessary. To place the individual at the centre values, individuality i.e. everyone’s differences must be recognized and respected. Choice, privacy, information and activities must be kept confidential. Individual must be empowered to do activities for themselves which means individual must be independent. It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual. This will also mean that individuals will feel empowered and in control of their lives, be more confident about making decisions, will feel valued and respected. A.C. 1.3 – Why risk-taking can be part of a person-centred approach see more:define person centred planning Life itself is a risk. We take risk in our daily lives. The person-centred approach to risk includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the individual, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a person-centred approach as this empowers individuals to have choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. Not allowing individuals to take risks can have a negative impact on an individual’s life which may negate the way they which to live. Taking risks means that you are able to decide and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that a concern about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A.C. 2.1 – Describe the role that carers can have in the care and support of individuals with dementia A.C.2.2 – Explain the value of developing a professional working relationship with carers Every day we make many choices. All choices are important, even though some of them are very small. Day-to day choices are often about the cloth we wear, the food we eat, how we spend our money and who we spend time with. Other choices we make include where to work and who to live with, where to live and where to go on holiday. We probably take the freedom to make these choices for granted, but these choices are often made for people with learning disabilities, without paying attention to their wishes. Choice is not only for people who can speak for themselves. People with severe or profound learning disabilities can make many choices for themselves. We will need to develop our observation skills to discover the way in which the person we support expresses their preferences. Over time we will be able to build up a more detailed understanding of how they communicate their likes and dislike s. We can then use this information to involve the person in making more choices. Having choice over a particular part of our life means we have control. This is good for our emotional and mental health, and helps us to feel a real part of the community. Part of our task is ensuring that people with learning difficulties have choice in their lives. Privacy is a basic human need. We all need to do some things alone and to have time to ourselves to do as we please. Our need for privacy depends on our personality, interests and circumstances. We must respect people’s need for privacy whenever it arises. If our work involves supporting a person with their personal care, we will need to make  particular efforts to ensure privacy for them. We are dependent on other people for all aspects of our daily life. Think about the supply of electricity and water to our homes, the food we eat and the transport we use, not to mention access to communication technology such as phones, Television and the internet. More importantly, we are dependent on those close to us for their love, support and affection. It is more accurate to say that we are all independent. We need other people in all areas of our life. There are, however, different types of independence. We can see this with children, as they grow from being totally dependent babies to much more independent teenagers. Gradually, people with learning disabilities are taking more control of their lives. But even today, people with learning disabilities are often on the receiving end of other people’s decisions and planning. They may not have the power to decide on their own lifestyle. Other people, such as service providers, family or support workers, often make these decision for them. Others may be well supported, but lack the confidence or experience to take control of their lives. We have a vitally important role in the empowerment of people with learning disabilities to become independent. People with learning disabilities have the same rights as every other citizen in our society. The fundamental principle means that people with learning disabilities should never be treated in an inhuman or degrading way. They should always be treated politely, and as people of value in their own right. The way ourselves and our colleagues behave towards the people with learning disabilities we support affects the way that other people see them, and the way they see themselves. We should always show consideration to the people with learning disabilities that we work with. Our actions and attitudes should show that everyone is worthy of respect. Every day in our work as a learning disabilities worker, we are a partner with a person with disability we support. We are working with them so that they can fulfill their dreams and ambitions, and so that we can assist them their particular needs. Partnership also involves other people working together, to meet the needs of people with learning disabilities as fully as possible. This may include partnership with other professionals such as social workers, GPs, Physiologists, Psychiatrists, and speech and language therapist. The families of the people with learning disabilities we support are often very important partners in our work. Most family carers  have a wealth of knowledge and experience about their family member. They know their likes and dislikes, their personal history and any other particular medical needs. They are often more than happy to share what they know with new workers. When asking family carers for information, it is important to remember that some families have seen many workers come and go in their relative’s life. They may have repeated the same information very many times. Some may feel disillusioned of past experiences when things have not changed as they had hoped. A major aspect of partnership working is bringing together in an atmosphere where this is simply the accepted way of doing things. In this type of working environment, training, attitudes, procedures and quality standards all have partnership as one of their goals. Successful partnership depend to a large extent upon the amount of effort put into creating an environment in which joint working is seen simply as the way things are done. Discrimination against people with learning disabilities and their families often results in the unfair and unequal treatment of people just because of their learning disability. People with learning disabilities may not be allowed the freedom and opportunities which the Human Rights Act and other laws encourage. They often face prejudice and discrimination. They may be treated unequally and unjustly and denied the opportunities that should be available to them, just as they are to other citizens. Equal opportunities mean that people with learning disabilities should: No longer be marginalized and isolated within society Have the same social statues as other people No longer be subject to exploitation and abuse Have their opinions taken seriously Have their adult status recognized Have the same citizenship right as other people. Failure to give equal opportunities to people with learning disabilities denies our common humanity. It causes anger, frustration, despair, hopelessness and loneliness for the people involved, and keeps them powerless and dependent. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) is the organization set up by the government in 2001 to register and regulate all social care workers. It has produced a Code of Practice which states that social care workers should work in a certain way. A.C 3.1 – Describe the roles of others in the care and support of individuals with dementia It is fundamental ethical principle that every person has the right to determine what happens to his/her own body. This right is reflected in the Rules of professional Conduct and the Core Standards of Physiotherapy practice and is also protected by law. Touching a patient prior to obtaining valid consent may constitute battery under civil or criminal law, or in some circumstances, sexual assault. However, it is important to gain patient’s consent prior to assessment treatment. It is also a matter of common courtesy between the patient and the care assistant and helps to establish a relationship of trust and confidence. Evidence shows that where such a relationship exists, patients are less likely to take a legal action, and this could be why legal action against care assistants is rare. As a broad principle consent should be gained for all activities, even if we want to plump someone’s pillows. It is important that people not only give their consent but also fully unde rstand what they are consenting to and the implications. Consent can be implied, verbal, informal or written. Gaining consent protects both the carer and the person against legal challenges. A health care service consent document supports the rights of patients and families to be informed about the benefit and risk of a proposed treatment or procedure and to make a voluntary decision as to whether to proceed or not. The following must be considered when making a valid consent: i. the patient must have capacity to consent i.e. be mentally competent. ii. Consent must be voluntary i.e the patient must not be acting under duress. iii. The patients must have received sufficient information to make a decision about their treatment. A.C 3.2 – Explain when it may be necessary to refer to others when supporting individuals with dementia To established consent for an activity or action we have to explain the activity or action to the other party so they have the correct information to make an inform decision. If the persons lacks the capacity to make informed decisions alone then we will need to establish who else need to be involved. This information is usually found in the  person’s care of plan or in a communication chart established to cover a range of circumstances. To establish consent to an action or activity we need to: Explain what it is using language familiar to the individual Describe what the action or activity involves Explain the benefits to the individual Explain any potential or actual risks involved in doing it and not doing it Listen to and observe the individual’s response Encourage the individual to ask questions Give the individual time to process the information Confirm consent again immediately prior to any action or activity. A.C 3.3 – Explain how to access the additional support of others when supporting individuals with dementia Consent (permission) must be given before care can be to a person. To even touch a person when forbidden, can be consider assault. If there is nobody available when an intoxicated, unconscious or impaired individual presents for care, consent is â€Å"implied†, as there is nobody to give that consent. It is assumed that consent would be given by family or that person, if they were able to communicate that. The only time that we cannot take saving measures, is when there is a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order on that patient. It is considered an emergency if a person is apparently experiencing severe suffering or is at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment applies if: the patient is mentally incapable of making the treatment decision. The delay required to obtain consent will prolong the suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm. The expectation for emergency treatment also applies if: the patient is apparently capable, but communication cannot occur because of a language barrier or a disability. Reasonable steps have been taken to find a practical means of communicating with the patient but such steps have been unsuccessful, and the delay required to find a practical means to communicate will prolong suffering or put the person at risk of sustaining serious bodily harm in addition, a health practitioner who believes that a person is mentally incapable, or where communication cannot take place after  reasonable steps have been taken, may conduct an examination or diagnostic procedure without consent, if the examination or diagnostic procedure is reasonable necessary to determine whether there is emergency. If a patient presents in an emergency situation, is unconscious, mentally incapable, and with no family available, and no advance directive in place, it is considered reasonable to treat the patient. It is assumed that under these conditions, the patient would consent to treat. If there is a language barrier, and the patient is otherwise capable of giving consent, a reasonable effort must be made to find an interpreter, which includes using the ones through the phone companies. If the patient’s life is in danger, and there is nobody who can communicate with them, then with careful documentation, treatment can be delivered. A.C 4.1 – Demonstrate how to use a person-centred thinking tool in relation to own life to identify what is working and not working People who use services and carers are becoming more active participants in social care provision, training and employment. They are no longer the passive recipients of service. Skills for care committed to ensuring people who use services and carers get an opportunity to have their say and participate in projects, to ensure that activities undertaken by Skills for Care reflect their need, wants and aspirations. Providing individual with empowerment is important. Empowerment is about enabling the individuals we support to contribute and have an influence over the issues which affect the way they live. When individuals make choices, they have more control and feel valued. It is important that we support empowerment of the individuals we work with. Providing individuals with empowerment to make informed choices enables individuals to maintain their rights of choice, equality and opportunity. Active participation is ways of working that recognize an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationship of their own care or support, rather than just a recipient. Being part of a community is particularly important to individuals who live on their and do not work. It does not matter what kind of something will give them a sense of belonging, a feeling of self-worth and independence. A.C. 4.2 Describe own relationship circle 4.3 Describe how helpful using a person-centred thinking tool was to identify actions in relation to own life Putting active participation into practice means being able to recognize and reduce potential barriers to its implementation. Barriers to implementing an active participation approach can occur where the health and social practitioners: lack understanding of the individual’s personality, history, health and cognitive status and social abilities View the person as a passive recipient of care who is always dependent on others Have low expectations of the person’s ability to develop, change and achieve We are not committed to making an active participation approach to work Lack creativity and flexibility and flexibility in thinking about ways of providing care or support Lack patience and tenacity when pursuing active participation goals Have inconsistent approach, and does not integrate active participation into our care practice to the extent that it becomes part and parcel of our daily care practice Changing attitudes is the key to reducing barriers to active participation. Improving society’s attitudes to, and expectations of, people with disabilities is an important part of this involving the individual and all those people who are significant to them is also crucial to success. A.C. 5.1 – Use person-centred thinking to know and act on what is important to the individual In order to enable individual to make an informed choice, both us and the individual first need to think about what all of the available options are. We are then need to look at what are good and bad about each option. Health and safety are important factors and must be put first for us, the individual and anyone else involved. The Mental Capacity Act in other Standards provides the legal framework for capacity and decision making about health and social care and financial decisions which applies to everyone aged over 16. We will need to consider whether the person we are supporting has capacity to make informed decision s or we need a formal mental capacity review. It is important to note that a person is assumed to have capacity unless it is proved otherwise. There is a four-step way to test for capacity: a person must be able to: Understand the information relevant to a decision Retain the information Use the information as part of decision making process Communicate their decision In supporting a person to make a decision, we have a duty to assist the person in all four of these steps. For example, using appropriate communication methods to help the person to understand and communicate. Capacity is assessed specific to each decision and occasion. For example, a person may have capacity to make a decision in the Moring about what to wear, but not later day in deciding if they want to move home. If someone is assessed as lacking capacity, any decision taken on their behalf must be in their best interests and we must consider if there are less restrictive options. For example, if a decision can be delay until a person is less distressed this is the best course of action. However, if a person does have capacity this over-rides what we may consider as an unwise decision. A.C. 5.2 Establish with the individual how they want to be supported Each individual have a formal assessment as part of their care and support plan. The assessment should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else as safe as possible. It will also tell us how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. A particular way of moving and handling is recommended for Mr. X because he has health issues that mean he or she can only be moved another way. Mr. X does not like being moved this way and asks to be moved another way. We should always follow the risk assessment. We should report Mr X’s request to our supervisor/manager. If we are appropriately trained in risk assessment and moving and handling and the change Mr X requires is minor, we may be able to make this change. We should never make changes unless we are trained or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in Mr X’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks. Every effort should be made to support Mr X to be moved in the way he wants to be moved. He has the right to make this choice but an appropriately trained  person will need to review the risk assessment first and work out if it is safe for all involved for Mr X to be moved in the way he wishes. A.C. 5.3 – Use person-centred thinking to know and respond to how the individual communicates 5.4 – Be Responsive to how an individual makes decisions to support them to have maximum choice and control in their life When an individual has made decision which we feel is risky, we need to make the individual aware of any consequences involved in the decision; however we should not try to influence the individual with our view or opinions. It is the individual’s freedom of choice to make decisions about their own future and support. Providing they have the right information to make an informed choice and have the capacity to understand their choice; it is part of our duty of care to enable them to do so. Referring to Mr. X in 5.2 above, we might not approve of or like the choice he has made. We might need more moving and handling training, perhaps for a specialist piece of equipment. However, the choice is not ours and we are not allowed to influence Mr X. in suppor ting Mr X to make his decision, we need to listen to him and put his wishes and best interests first. This means the service must be provided in the way Mr X would like, as long as it is safe and approved through care and support plans and risk assessment. This is because the choices belong to Mr x, not to us. He needs to make his own decisions in order to feel he is in control of what happens to him. This leads to positive feelings around dignity, pride and satisfaction. If relative or friend has made a decision about individual’s care, support or life that the individual is not happy or comfortable with, we may need to support the individual to question or challenge the decision. It is important that we obtain and understand the facts and reasons surrounding the decision so we can make sure the individual has a clear understanding If the individual remains sure that he or she is not happy with the decision, once he or she has this information, we can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made as a result of this change must be safe for us, the individual and anyone else involved. We should never make changes unless we are trained to do so or our supervisor or manager confirms we can make the change. We should always record any changes in individual’s wishes and in the way we perform tasks.  It is essential that we understand the Mental Capacity Act and how to work within it’s requirements every day with every individual. A.C. 6.1- Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with wellbeing Spiritual well being is an integral part of mental, emotional and physical health. It can be associated with a specific religion but does not have to be. It is about an individual’s own journey to discover things of importance in their lives and enabling them to find purpose and meaning in life. The effects and impact of spiritual well-being is determined by each individual and can make a huge impact on their lives. Through spiritual well-being, individual can become empowered and realize that even though they have issues, stressors, and challenges, they are not define by their circumstances. In realizing this individual’s gain greater peace, better freedom of self expression, increased manageable over the healing and support process and higher self-esteem. A few of the numerous benefits of spiritual well-being include: Feeling content with our life’s situation Making time to spend alone and find inner peace Taking time to reflect and resolve life’s issues Finding satisfaction in a job well done. Taking part in an active lifestyle rather than merely standing by and watching life as it passes Maintaining balance and control of life Building relationships Feeling purpose and meaning in life Accepting and growing from challenges of life Emotional well-being is based on how individuals feel about themselves. Someone who is emotionally healthy: Understands and adapt to changes Copes with stress Has a positive outlook on life and themselves Has the ability to love and care for others Can act independently to meet his or own needs Everyone, including people who are emotionally healthy, have problems. If something or someone threatens our happiness or well-being, we would feel  uncomfortable emotions such as anger, sadness or fear. When we experience something that enhances our situation, we feel emotions such as joy, satisfaction or a sense of achievement. The way we are brought up and our culture have a great influence on how we feel. They help us to form ideas and decide what we care about. Everyone deals with situations in life differently. What may seem unimportant to our closest friend might be upsetting to us. Sometimes an individual’s self-esteem (the way they feel about themselves) can become so low that everything seems a lot harder to cope with compared with when they are feeling confident. Being emotionally healthy does not mean that we feel happy all the time. Good emotional health is about having lots of different emotions, and being able to accept them and talk about them. Signs that Individuals are not coping well emotionally might include having a lack of self-confidence, having trouble with relationship or feeling unhappy a lot of the time. A.C. – 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s wellbeing Because we are so different and diverse, we have different and diverse views about every subject. We may not approve of or agree with the views of individual we support but our role is about working with them in ways that support their views. The best way to find out about an individual is to ask questions that are not threatening but show us have a genuine interest in the individual. By encouraging them to talk about themselves and listening to their views, as we will learn a great deal about the individuals we work with. Through this learning, we will be able to meet their needs in ways that are sensitive and supportive of their views making individual feel valued. Our role is to support individuals to feel emotional well-being and to feel emotional wellbeing, individuals need to feel: Appreciated, cared about and loved Safe and secure Extra supported when they feel sad, depressed or lonely That they are not a burden but an important priority Listened to and respected Satisfied with relationships Independent and in control of their lives That they have a purpose and meaning to their lives We will need good communication skills and be able to listen but also to encourage individuals and show understanding and support for what is important to them in life. We could suggest that the individual organizes for someone from their faith or community group. It might be possible for someone from the group to organize travel and support arrangements whilst the individual attend the group. A.C. – 6.3 – Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem Each individual’s spirituality is greatly impacted by the community they are a part of and the relationships they take part in. Spiritual wellbeing is not a practice of isolation but rather of affecting and involving the people around the individual. Spiritual well-being groups and sessions could provide an open and save environment to explore, learn, practice, support and heal. This safe-haven offered in such a group is important to individuals who experience difficulties in their lives. Individuals may be able to find spiritual well-being programs in their local areas. These may include group exploration and experimental practices on the topics of meditation, prayer, forgiveness, personal values, and purpose in life, the role of self-esteem in spiritual connection, healthy relationships and developing an authentic relationship with a higher Power, or God. A.C. – 6.4 Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being By promoting an individual’s spiritual and emotional wellbeing, we can help improve their self esteem and make them valued and remain their own person. Building an individual’s self esteem is a first step towards the happiness and emotional well-being of the individuals we support. Focusing on what they can do rather than on what they cannot do, will encourage their independence and feeling of self worth. It is also important to help individuals to deal with stress. Changes in situations and in their ability to do things can cause stress. However, by providing encouragement and positive support we can improve their inner self and quality of life. By providing emotional support, understanding and good quality care, we can improve on individual’s confidence, promoting spiritual and emotional well-being.

The Pyschodynamic perspective essays

The Pyschodynamic perspective essays Beginning in the latter part of the 17th century and carrying on into the early 1900's a new perspective was being developed to describe a person's personality and the ways that person would act. The origin of these theorists is possibly the most famous of all psychologists in Dr. Sigmund Freud, who characterized personality by conflict. Later Freud would develop a group of followers that would develop their own theories, most notably Carl Jung and his theory of Analytical Psychology. This perspective soon received much appeal from the general public because they were able to explain certain actions and traits to the common man. The godfather of Psychology was none other than Dr. Freud who revolutionized the psychology industry when he introduced his theories on Psychosexual development. The key behind his theories is that every person is controlled by external drives primarily sex and aggression, but also opposing forces that are hidden inside the person. To Illustrate this theory Freud used an image of and Iceberg, saying that only about 10% of the mind is conscious at any one time and that the majority of these forces were controlled by an unconscious force he called the Id, and the only forces a person is aware of is the ego and the superego which are naturally conflicting forces. In more detail, the Id is everything that gives the person pleasure, but it is not organized in any way and Dr. Freud said when translated " The id is Chaos" (Brill 184). The Ego on the other hand is the logical force that drives a person to reason rather than irrational decisions. Lastly the Superego, which develops thr ough your childhood, based solely on how you were raised. Being that you are affected largely by your parents morals and values as well as the traditional values of the society that helped shape your childhood. Freud also stated that because a person was to encounter these conflicts in every single stage of development and a ...

How to deal with a career crossroads

How to deal with a career crossroads In pop culture, we picture midlife crises in a very specific way. The man who buys the Ferrari. The woman who goes on a soul-searching trip with lots of yoga and beautiful European locales. In real life, though, it can be a lot more subtle than that- and often hits the professional life rather than the personal one. If you’re feeling mid-career blahs, and aren’t sure how to deal with it, it could be a career crossroads. Is it time for a change? Should you keep going on your current path? What is a career crossroads and how can you handle it?The career crossroads is a point where you start to wonder what the rest of your career should look like. It can be brought on by changes at work (a new boss, big changes in the company) or really by nothing at all except a general sense of am I doing what I should be doing?  The end result could be staying where you are, looking for a new job, or jumping fields altogether. Let’s look at some strategies for dealing with a ca reer crossroads.Do an audit of your professional lifeNow is the time to ask some very important questions about what you’re doing now and where you’ve been. Are you in a field that you chose decades ago, right out of school, because it felt like the right choice at the time? Do you still feel like it was the right choice? Have you moved as far in your job or field as you would like? Do you feel burned out because you no longer feel fulfilled by what you’re doing, or would minor changes make your life better in the same job?It’s also a chance to reassess your values. What’s the most important career factor for you at this point? A certain salary? The emotional fulfillment you get from your job? A certain job title or set of responsibilities?Be honest about what you wantThis isn’t about what others might want for you or what you wanted back when you were a student. The person you are now may have changed totally from your younger self, so it’s time to be realistic about what you want to achieve in the next phase of your career.Here are some factors to consider:What’s the financial picture in your career right now? Sites like Glassdoor and Salary.com can help you figure out if your salary is in line with others at your level of experience, job title, etc.Do you feel fulfilled by what you’re doing? If you find yourself bored but generally happy with your field, think about what would make your job more challenging or fulfilling. If you can’t think of anything that would enhance your current path, then it’s time to ask †¦Would you be happier doing something else? The mid-career change is increasingly common. What you wanted to do forever at age 22 is not necess arily the same thing you want to do forever at age 50. If you think you need a drastic change, then it’s also time to think about what would be involved in starting over (Going back to school? Certification?).Don’t be afraid to get an outside perspectiveYou don’t have to muscle through your crossroads alone. In fact, it can really help to get the outside advice of someone you trust, like a mentor or someone else in your field. It’s best to avoid people at your current job (lest you spark rumors about you quitting), but a former colleague could be a good choice. The act of describing your current frustrations and future goals can help you visualize what you really want to do.Create  an  action  planIf you determine that it’s time to make a job change or push for a promotion at your current job, then do it. Set a plan for your job search. Update your resume. Dust off your LinkedIn page, and start building your network. Start building your negot iation plan for approaching your boss. The outcome of your self-audit should always be an action plan of some sort, kind of a roadmap for the next phase of your career. Whether you’re staying put or looking for something new, you should come up with several tasks that will make your professional life better.If you feel yourself approaching the career crossroads, don’t let the questions or frustrations get you down. It’s the perfect opportunity to take charge, and shape your career for the better.

Venerate

Venerate Venerate Venerate By Maeve Maddox This odd use of the verb venerate occurs on a funeral home website: Prior to the age of photography, death masks were used to venerate the death. The use is odd because the transitive verb venerate means â€Å"to regard with feelings of respect and reverence.† The taking of a death mask may be seen as a way of venerating a deceased person, but not a death. The Latin verb venerare gives us the verb venerate and the adjective venerable. The words are used in both religious and secular contexts: While far from universal, ancestor veneration occurs in societies with every degree of social, political, and technological complexity. While Horus was venerated throughout Egypt, his primary cult centers were in the south.   Kissing the Black Stone–Veneration or an Idolatrous Practice? Why Do We Venerate the Holy Cross? Upon Gary Smith’s retirement: The venerated Sports Illustrated writer on long-form immersion and intimacy The book discusses the extreme veneration of technology. Generation gap: Older folks venerate patriotic symbols, while younger folks extol principles. The adjective venerable (worthy of respect or worship) may be applied to people or things. The respect may be seen to stem from character, position, age, or antiquity. Author of Stupid Men Jokes Nancy Gray calls Washington DC â€Å"that venerable bastion of maledom.† Anti-equality advocates, like Princeton professor  Robert George and his co-authors, are attempting to cast this movement as an attack on the venerable institution of marriage.   The doctrine of re-birth - that is, the repeated embodiment of the inner essence of man - is the oldest and most venerable belief of the human race. It was also great to see such venerable actors as Dick Van Dyke, Mickey Rooney, and Bill Cobbs, as the three elderly security guards, strut their stuff. In some religions, Venerable is an honorific prefixed to the names of especially respected leaders: Buddhist Ethics by Venerable K. Sri Dhammananda Maha Thera The Venerable Dr. Jean Fritz Bazin, [Episcopal] Archdeacon for Immigration and Social Justice In the Roman Catholic process of canonization, Venerable is a title bestowed on a candidate for sainthood before the approval of the first miracle. The person most associated with the title Venerable in English is a medieval monk named Bede (672-735 CE). Bede is venerated as the father of English history. Because of his dedication to scholarship and religious observance, he was honored with the title Venerable even in his lifetime. He doesn’t seem to have undergone the official canonization process, but in 1899, Pope Leo XIII declared him a Doctor of the Church. He is often referred to as â€Å"Saint Bede,† but more commonly as â€Å"the Venerable Bede.† Bottom line: People and things are venerated. Respected people and things are venerable. The transitive verb venerate takes a direct object–human or inanimate–that is felt by someone to be worthy of respect. The funeral home writer may have been reaching for the word commemorate (to mark by ceremony): Prior to the age of photography, death masks were used to commemorate the death. Note: Although the word worship is often given as a synonym for venerate, many speakers distinguish between the two words, using venerate to denote deep respect for non-divine things or personages and reserving worship to describe the adoration of a divinity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Between vs. In BetweenShore It Up

Critical Review of Nelson Mandelas Autobiography, A Long Walk to Essay

Critical Review of Nelson Mandelas Autobiography, A Long Walk to Freedom - Essay Example Along with his peers, Mandela was inculcated with a tremendous sense of responsibility to his family and community. This is evident from his statement, "at night, I shared my food and blanket with these same boys. I was no more than five when I became a herd-boy, looking after sheep and calves in the fields." The important element that contributed to the political consciousness of Mandela during his youth was his listening to the elders of his village discuss the history of their people. "It was from Chief Joyi that I began to discover that the history of the Bantu-speaking peoples began far to the north continent." He learned much about some of the atrocities experienced by his people under European colonial rule and this began to shape his consciousness. Mandela's desire to study law emanated from his observations of the paramount chief conducting court in his village and from his commitment to helping to end minority rule in South Africa. "My later notions of leadership were prof oundly influenced by observing the regent and his court. I watched and learned from the tribal meetings that were regularly held at the Great Place". Mandela's initiation into political activism began in 1940 while he was working on his degree at Fort Hare College in the Eastern Cape. He did well academically but he began to realize himself as 'the other'. "We were taught -- and believed -- that the best ideas were English ideas, the best government was English government, and the best men were Englishmen. " Such education persuaded him to forge an identity of his own. As a member of the Student's Representative Council, he was suspended from school for participating in a boycott to protest the reduction of the council's powers by authorities. After returning home briefly, he soon left for Johannesburg to avoid an arranged marriage and being trained for chieftainship. The events that occurred here are important as they shape Mandela's views about segregation. While working as a mine policeman, he observed, "the mining companies preferred such segregation because it prevented different ethnic groups from uniting around a common grievance and reinforced the power of the chiefs." During this period, the early 1940's, Mandela became politically aware and joined the African National Congress (ANC), a middle-class political movement founded in 1912. Chafing at the ANC's ineffectiveness in getting the government to recognize African rights, he helped launch its Youth League in 1944. Four years later, the Afrikaner-dominated National Party's rise to power began the apartheid era and made ANC activities more urgent. In the early 1950s he initiated the defiance campaign' against the discriminatory policies of the South African government, and argued for non-violent resistance to apartheid. However, following the Sharpeville massacre in 1960 his position changed, and he was forced underground to avoid the newly-imposed ban on the ANC. The horrors at Sharp eville hardened Mandela's resolve, and he began to advocate a different course of non-terrorist' action, aimed at the state but theoretically preventing civilian unrest. He was appointed the campaign's national volunteer-in-chief, which required that he travel throughout South Africa visiting the many black townships in order to explain and win mass support for the campaign.

Global South (South Africa) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global South (South Africa) - Essay Example History of South Africa Colonisation The term ‘Colonialism’ is referred to a practice of domination that entails the subjugation of one group of people to another. It also refers to political and economic control over the dependent territory (Stanford University, 2006). According to McMichael, colonialism is the subjugation by psychological and physical strength of one culture by a colonising control through the means of military conquest of territory or areas and abolition of native people and their cultures (University of Kentucky, 2009). The essay looks at various aspects of South Africa from the point of view of international studies. The study will cover the history of colonisation of South Africa along with political system, demographics of South Africa. Development of South Africa along with the various conflicts that the country has seen will be observed in the essay. The British had colonised South Africa due to their trade interests, strategic ports and the rou tes towards their Asian colonies i.e. to fulfill their political objectives. The effect of colonisation was seen in early 1870s and in the year 1875, Cape of South Africa was colonised (Brownfield, 2011). The colonisation of South Africa by the British people was for the motive of capturing ports routes that they could use for their trade purpose. The other reason was the supply of labour and resources which assisted the British economy to grow. Prior to the colonial power of the British over South Africa, the Dutch had colonised the area. In the year 1652 the Dutch first colonised South Africa and in the same year the legal system was implemented. In 1488, the Dutch people first reached South Africa and colonisation began in 1652. The Dutch East India Company appointed Jan Van Riebeeck to establish a station in the Cape of Good Hope which was established but later found problems. They then colonised the area for their benefit. The Dutch defeated the Xhosa tribe and took control ove r them in the first war. Later another war was fought between them and this resulted in Dutch losing its control over them and then the British took over the control. In the year 1806, the British took over the control from the Dutch in Cape of Good Hope (Drumstruck, n.d.). Even after the Zulu War and two Anglo-Boer wars, the colony was under the British rule. The African National Congress was created in 1912 and they came into power in 1994 when the first elections were held (US Department of States, 2010). Independence from the British rule was achieved in the year 1910. But still there were elections that were controlled by the British people. In the year 1990, Nelson Mandela was released and there was first democratic election in April 1994 under the constitution of South Africa (Michigan State University, 2011). The process of decolonisation takes place when former colonies and non-self governing territories become the self-governing state (Garoupa & Gata, 2000). The decolonisa tion process of South Africa was primarily based upon the methods of the British government that transferred the power in order to maintain stable democracies. There were several controversies in the decolonisation process. However, the transfer of the power to the national party of South Africa made the process quicker and thereby resulting in the end of the colonial rule (Verstraelen, 2002). Political System South Africa, when gained its

Low Self Esteem and Luxury Marketing (Apples iPhone as a Luxury Dissertation

Low Self Esteem and Luxury Marketing (Apples iPhone as a Luxury Product) - Dissertation Example Brands like Louis Vuitton, Cartier, and Gucci have started investing in their marketing campaigns. While old brands continue to lead the market, new luxury brands have also emerged. One such luxury product includes Apple’s iPhone. The definition of luxury has been presented by many researches and books and these have been drawn mainly through the consumers’ perception of luxury. Luxury has been known to impact the consumers through different ways. Luxury is loosely referred to products that are priced high, have a high perceived quality and provide an exceptional experience of the consumers. Products such as the iPhone redefine the concept of luxury to a certain extent. Such products are not always targeted to the rich and affluent class but also to those consumers who wish to improve upon their self-esteem by buying luxury products. Therefore, a correlation is observed between low self-esteem and luxury products. Significance of the Study As the global market is being revived after the long global recession that struck the world in 2007, demand for luxury goods is on the increase. This means that marketers around the world have to focus their attention back to marketing luxury goods. As the concept of luxury is being continuously redefined, luxury has been categorized into old luxury and new luxury. In the study, the aim is to evaluate the impact of self-esteem on the buying decisions of consumers

BULE Homework 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BULE Homework 3 - Assignment Example In matters regarding stock, the S corporation entity would cause the business to enjoy an ability to reach out to latent investors using their stock. Taking this course is beneficial in that expansion becomes a possibility due to the support by money raised from stock issuance. This is an advantage that would be availed in case the cup cake bakery takes the form of Limited Liability Company or sole proprietorship, which lack the capacity to enjoy stock-related benefits. Notably, choosing the S corporation entity would assure the owner of the cup cake bakery of longevity. This is usually the best choice when the owner of the business has in mind long term goals such as creating a perpetual business for subsequent generations. It is a great advantage worth of considering because continuity is assured in case of unexpected incidences such as death unlike in sole proprietorship (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 5). More importantly, choosing the S corporation entity would be immensely advantage ous because operating within such an entity helps minimize expenses. Summarily, this type of entity excludes owners from paying employment related taxes on a firm’s net revenue. On the other hand, shareholders employed by the cup cake bakery would pay such taxes. What should I name my business? Naming a business can be a stressing ordeal, especially without proper information. For a cup cake bakery, the most suitable name would have to appeal to the customer. In order to ensure that the need for appeal is met, the most suitable name would be ‘Delicious cup cakes’. The use of the word delicious is important in this case, because it appeals to the appetite of individuals who are already like cup cakes. In addition, the word appeals to those who may have never taken cup cakes as well as individuals who take a cup cake occasionally. Additionally, it is a simple name for children. This can work wonders among children because ‘delicious’ is not only appeal ing but also interesting and likely to stick in children’s minds. It is a wonderful name, especially when situating the business in a family neighborhood targeting children and teens. In picking the above name, what made you pick that name and what steps should take when choosing that name? The name ‘delicious cup cakes’ is most preferred because of its simplicity and ability to appeal to appetite. The choice of this name is also based on the basic reason behind customer preference of cup cakes over other baked foodstuffs like bread (Riddle, Butts, and Akiens 11). The bottom line is that people opt for cup cakes because they are deliciously prepared thus the name would trigger unplanned purchasing of the products offered. More importantly, the bakery will offer various types of cup cakes hence using the word delicious helps describe and summarize the varieties on offer. While picking up the name for the bakery, the following steps were necessary. A careful consid eration of other competitive names in the line of business Consideration of the fact that the business captures both shop-related and bakery operations The fact that the business is intended to run for as many years as possible eliminated the use of a personal name A consideration of th

Red tails the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Red tails the movie - Essay Example This war movie cleverly shows how the issue of racism still plagues the America of the 1944. African American recruits pass through an arduous journey on the ground; army procedures block them at many stages, before their training as fighter pilots. Tuskegee training program is plagued with racist approach. In the end, 332d Fighter Group is sent for action in Italy with an old model Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft. Even in designating actions, discrimination comes to the fore. They are assigned unimportant missions. But a fighter pilot takes pride in the main, one-to-one actions. The military bureaucracy is still not willing to accept the merit of the black pilots and concludes that they cannot be good for challenging war scenes as compared to their white-counterparts. Racism is an issue, but it takes the backseat, adventure and love come to the fore once the movie gets going. This aspect is shown through the arguments and conflicts between two roommates and intimate pals, Easy and Lig hting. They are trying to come to terms with evil in their hearts and demonic weaknesses. Lighting is a dashing pilot, often reckless; acts rash to take adventurous decisions, while Easy is given to drinks and less confident. On completion of an allotted mission, Lighting spies a charming Italian girl, Sofia (Daniela Ruah). Instant infatuation engulfs his heart and he begins a relationship. Next, Tuskegee Airmen are given the task to support the Allied landings and score their first victories and are instrumental in destroying an enemy airbase. The Airmen’s performances win appreciation and they are given important tasks. They are also given the new North American P-51 Mustang aircraft. They color the tails of their aircrafts red as a distinctive mark of identification. They achieve success in the assigned tasks. In one such mission, Ray Gun is shot down and he bails out and Deke crash-lands and faces a near-death situation. Ray Gun is presumed to have died by the

Common Law Tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Common Law Tort - Essay Example Fairness (natural justice) was restored to common law by the caselaw of Ridge vs. Baldwin3. (W)hat the requirements of fairness demand from any body, domestic or administrative or judicial, has to make a decision which will affect the rights of individuals depends on the character of the decision making body, the kind of decision it has to make and the statutory or other framework in which it operates.4 Negligence, definition and elements. At common law, there is liability for damage caused by unintentional but negligent acts or omissions. "Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do."6 In strict legal analysis, negligence means more than heedless or careless conduct, whether in omission or commission; it properly connotes the complex concept of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing. (1934)7 According to Denning L.J.11, all the elements are really the same thing. What is being required by court as a matter of social policy is risk because when P is injured because of risk created by D, the latter (D) ought to be required by law to compensate the injured party (P). In effect, duty, proximate cause and remoteness continually run into each other; they are simply ways of looking at the same thing. Two of the elements are factual, namely cause - in - fact and damage, while duty of care, standard of care and remoteness are questions of law. Causa Sine Qua Non. Upon P is laid the burden of establishing each and every element in the required quantum of evidence. P is required to prove that the breach of which he complains caused the damage for which he claims12 and he does so by proving that "but for" the breach of duty he would not have suffered the damage. He must prove such causation in both factual and legal aspects. The determination of factual causation comes before that of legal causation. The causal connection between the act or omission constituting the breach of duty and the damage as a fact must be proven to exist and the "But For" test determines and establishes that an event constituting the negligence and another constituting the damage are in fact linked. In multiple possible causes, the claimant must prove that the defendant's breach of duty caused

Red tails the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Red tails the movie - Essay Example This war movie cleverly shows how the issue of racism still plagues the America of the 1944. African American recruits pass through an arduous journey on the ground; army procedures block them at many stages, before their training as fighter pilots. Tuskegee training program is plagued with racist approach. In the end, 332d Fighter Group is sent for action in Italy with an old model Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft. Even in designating actions, discrimination comes to the fore. They are assigned unimportant missions. But a fighter pilot takes pride in the main, one-to-one actions. The military bureaucracy is still not willing to accept the merit of the black pilots and concludes that they cannot be good for challenging war scenes as compared to their white-counterparts. Racism is an issue, but it takes the backseat, adventure and love come to the fore once the movie gets going. This aspect is shown through the arguments and conflicts between two roommates and intimate pals, Easy and Lig hting. They are trying to come to terms with evil in their hearts and demonic weaknesses. Lighting is a dashing pilot, often reckless; acts rash to take adventurous decisions, while Easy is given to drinks and less confident. On completion of an allotted mission, Lighting spies a charming Italian girl, Sofia (Daniela Ruah). Instant infatuation engulfs his heart and he begins a relationship. Next, Tuskegee Airmen are given the task to support the Allied landings and score their first victories and are instrumental in destroying an enemy airbase. The Airmen’s performances win appreciation and they are given important tasks. They are also given the new North American P-51 Mustang aircraft. They color the tails of their aircrafts red as a distinctive mark of identification. They achieve success in the assigned tasks. In one such mission, Ray Gun is shot down and he bails out and Deke crash-lands and faces a near-death situation. Ray Gun is presumed to have died by the

Probation officer Essay Example for Free

Probation officer Essay Being a Probation Officer can be interesting and challenging at the same time. You can make a positive impact on one’s life. A Probation Officer’s main role is to make sure that those released into his care are properly rehabilitated and obey to the terms of their probation. The officer also educates those released on probation on what they can and can’t do during the probation period â€Å"Probation and parole can be very cost efficient. In 2010, Larry J. Siegel wrote a report stating that the U. S. spends about twenty five thousand dollars meanwhile probation only spends two thousand. The government saves twenty three thousand dollars by keeping inmates out of prison and keeps prisons from overcrowding. Dangerous criminals should be kept in prison instead of being let out and keeping minor offenders in. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to enter society with a different mindset. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to do such things as preserve employment, gain support and help from their loved ones and once again become a productive citizen. That can’t be done in jail. Most prisoners have drug addictions. Keeping them in doesn’t give them the help that they should be receiving. The offender being out and put on probation allows him to recover himself by taking part in a rehabilitation center. Cons: there is the issue of community safety. Many offenders present a risk to community safety, even if it’s because the person persists in the risky behaviors associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Setting any offender free poses somewhat of a risk, however slight. The courts, judges, defense and prosecuting attorneys and probation personnel weigh these risks and balance them with the best interests of the probationer and victim. Usually, probation personnel monitor high-risk offenders closely through home arrest or electronic monitoring. Then there is the problem of victim concerns. Victims vary widely as to their perspective and feelings regarding probation for their offenders. In some cases, they may quickly forgive the individual and even build a relationship with them. In other situations, they may petition the courts for harsh penalties. Probation allows the courts to monitor the defendant’s activities in the community while he works and repays any restitution that he or she owes his victims. Some victims, however, may care more about his punishment than reimbursement Many offenders need minimal rehabilitation in order to become productive members of society. Completing substance abuse treatment or community service hours can motivate offenders toward compliance with probation requirements. They can stay in the community; maintain family ties and work to contribute to their family. If these same offenders are sent to prison, they might become hardened and learn further criminal behavior, when they could have easily just remained supervised in society. Probation personnel can further monitor compliance with court terms and conditions. One of the primary reasons that traditional probation hasn’t been successful in rehabilitating offenders is much too often probationers are completely unsupervised. An offender on probation could simply fill out a one page report of their work activities and submit this to their probation officer by mail. Offenders that are part of traditional probation programs have a recidivism rate of 65%. That means only 35% of probationers don’t commit new offenses. Offenders are accommodated into halfway houses. This is where offenders have to follow strict rules like curfew. Counsellors and psychiatrists are on call 24 hours a day to help clients with adjusting to outside life and coping with problems if they occur. Probation officers have a large number of offenders and they have a difficult time supervising them closely. This is because there are not enough probation officers to supervise offenders properly. Probation officers have offenders mail in a form weekly or monthly and there is a checklist that an offender has to follow and answer, employment and any law infractions. Pros: Cons our stance we are on the pro side of both probation and parole, as we believe they can be greatly beneficial to both the community and the offenders whom are placed in these programs. Granted, not all cases are a success, but we believe that the criminal justice system would be a far worse place without probation and parole†. (Larry J. Siegel) A Probation Officer plays a key role in changing one’s ways that may not be suitable for the public’s view. The public sees these offenders as no good and thinks they should be removed from our communities and placed in confinement. Knowingly this may resolve the issue of one’s misbehavior for a short length of time but there are many more out their committing these same crimes. So what possibly should be done other than confining these offenders  for long or short periods of time, and in an eight by ten cell? Well, a rehabilitation program set up when the offenders is released. This rehabilitation program may also be enforced upon release from jail or prison depending on the offender’s circumstances. Rehabilitation comes in many different forms such as, drug and alcohol classes. A person committing a crime that involved the use of drugs and or alcohol would be required to attend these classes upon release from jail, for a period of thirty days, sessions or the judge’s discretion. There are such classes that revolve around anger management classes; this would assist an offender in learning how to deal with anger issues and present those ways to relieve one’s stress, anxiety, or just the urge to combat. Rehabilitation also involves community service. Such offenders would be required to sign up at a local agency (Caltrans), and on a daily basis be required to show up at a set time and clean-up the sides of freeways, underpasses, parks, and communities. This would be a way to assist an offender in being accepted back into his or her community. Becoming a Probation Officer, as of 1995 virtually every state has a Probation Officer program in place for young and old law offenders. The duties of Probation Officers vary from state to state. A Probation Officer will meet with the â€Å"offender† on a regular basis and will provide guidance to the offender that will help the offender make better decisions in life. In the hope the offender will conform to the laws. Other duties can include field work such as locating an offender who’s failed to report as agreed and also testifying in a court regarding the probation violation(s). A life as a Probation Officer will be interesting and challenging. Probation Officers must have a keen interest in both criminal justice enforcement and helping young and old law offenders. Being a Probation Officer requires performing several duties and putting in a great amount of time and energy. This career provides a unique opportunity to intervene in the lives of criminal offenders and provide an opportunity for reform. The career comes with safety risks, but many current officers relish the opportunity to make a difference in not only one’s life but a community as a whole. When it comes to the benefits of a Probation Officers career, one may think the benefits are gracious but in fact a probation officers pay can be quite low, about forty five thousand dollars a year on average. Not considerably bad for a starting salary and if just coming into the work force. These benefits may or may not increase over time but other benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401k plans. These other benefits can be seen as a great deal as well because one does need a career that will help them in a time of need. Other benefits one may see are the fact of being able to deal with various situations and scenarios on a day to day basis not to mention the thrill and risks waiting every day. Many want to know what it takes to become a probation officer. Well, you must be at least twenty years of age, have at least a bachelor’s degree on up to a master’s degree, depending on what probation role you are seeking. Some physical fitness also plays a role in this position; you want to be physically active with exercises, walking, jogging etc. This will assure the apprehension of an offender in the event he or she tries to run or fight. A background check will be conducted, you must pass. If all goes well and you are accepted for an interview, you will meet with the interviewing party and answer some question and also this is the time in which you also may ask questions that you seek answers to. You must pass the interview process sometimes more than one interview will be conducted. After acceptance you will have to drug test and pass. And on toward the career you have been seeking awaits you. Life as a probation officer can be stressful. This can affect a person’s life at work and home. The position requires dedication and time. You must be dedicated to the laws set forth by the people and willing to spend the time it takes to assure one’s attempt to being rehabilitated. A probation officer acts as a liaison between the courts orders to the offender and respond on the offenders behalf when the offender has either completed his or her court orders or the offender violates one or all the orders set forth by the court. These determinations will determine whether the offender is released from probation or determine that the offender cannot be rehabilitated at the time and needs to spend the rest of their time in incarceration. Anyone can become a probation officer so as long they want to help society’s not so best, become better and get rehabilitated. This position requires education, physical demand, and stress no doubt. There are some qualifications that must be met but the outcome is great. The benefits are awesome and most wouldn’t be disappointed. With this all being said you may now know whether or not a probation officer is the job for you. If Probation sounds like something you may be interested in, get information and ask questions. There is plenty more information to seek out. The career of a probation officer is not only rewarding and challenging, but comes with great benefits. If helping people is the answer to your future this position can be a great place to start. There are risks and opportunity that come with changing someone’s life whether they are young or old. Many probation officers relish the opportunity to change the lives of law offenders.