Environmental Protection Program

The collective action of humans – developing and paving over the landscape, clear-cutting forests, polluting rivers and streams, altering the atmosphere's protective ozone layer, and populating nearly every place imaginable – are bringing an end to the lives of creatures across the Earth. Extinction of biological species is not necessarily a phenomenon initiated by human activity, some argue. Although the specific role of extinction in the process of evolution is still being researched and debated, it is generally accepted that the demise of any biological species is inevitable. Opponents of special efforts to protect endangered species invariably point this out. They also suggest that the role of homo sapiens in causing extinction should not be distinguished from that of any other species. This position, most often espoused by individuals whose other views are curiously much more anthropocentric, is contrary to some well established facts. Unlike other creatures that have inhabited the Earth, human beings are the first to possess the technological ability to cause wholesale extermination of species, genera or even entire families of living creatures. This process is accelerating. Wildlife management efforts initiated during this century have been unsuccessful in stemming the tide. Most public attention given to endangered species has focused on mammals, birds, and a few varieties of trees. Ecologists recognize a far greater threat to the much larger number of species of reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and plants that are being wiped out by human activity. In the past few decades, vast areas in several regions of the world have been cleared to make room for urban development or for food production. Modern agriculture techniques and industries' need for raw material have contributed to the epidemic of extinction. During the last few centuries, growth in the human population and intensification of our use of resources has greatly increased the rate of species extinction. Today, this rate is at least 1,000 times higher than it was when the genus Homo made its appearance about 2 million years ago. According to the best estimates, an average of 200 species vanishes from the Earth every day. By the year 2025, an estimated 20 percent of Earth's species may have been pushed to extinction – a loss of species unmatched since the end of the Mesozoic 65 million years ago. For human beings, the consequences of this extensive wave of extinction's will be severe, whether they are viewed from a moral, aesthetic, scientific, or economic perspective. Scientists fear that the vitality of our ecology may be seriously threatened by the reduction of biological diversity resulting from the lost genetic resource contained in the extinct species. They note that the ability of species to evolve and adapt to environmental change depends on the existence of a vast pool of genetic material. This problem joins the issue of endangered species with that of wilderness preservation. Unfortunately, the need to set aside vast undeveloped areas to prevent wholesale extinction is more acute in the poorer, more crowded regions of the world where people are pressured by both their own basic needs and the demand of the industrialized world for their resources. The concept of biodiversity helps capture the magnitude of the problem. Biodiversity is the variety of, and interaction among, living organisms and the ecological complexes that they occur in, from the smallest habitat to the Earth as a whole. The concept also includes the genetic variability within these species, the raw material of both evolutionary adaptation and selective breeding by humans. In terms of biodiversity, extinction is more than the loss of individual species, it is the degradation of the ecological complexes that support all life on this planet. The set of plant, animal, fungus and microorganism species that occur together at a particular place make possible the functioning of an ecosystem at that place. Undisturbed ecosystems, with their natural level of biodiversity – regulate the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients, which all life depends on. The ongoing elimination of a sizable portion of the Earth's biota is probably the clearest sign that the manner in which we use the natural environment is not sustainable. The intensity of our exploitation of natural resources is simply too great. In the past 40 years, human beings have wasted over a fifth of the Earth's topsoil, destroyed more than half of its forests, polluted most fresh and onshore marine waters, and profoundly changed the characteristics of the atmosphere. It is easy to put much of the blame on population growth. The human population has more than doubled over the past 40 years to reach the present level of more than 5. 5 billion. Each new person puts an added burden on the natural environment. Yet if we are to understand the roots of the problem and work towards real solutions, we need to look at other factors besides population growth. As living organisms, we must utilize the natural environment to satisfy our basic needs. The manner in which we do this, however, is as variable as human culture. The problem is that present social, economic, and political structures encourage us to maximize our use of natural resources rather than use them wisely. In today's world, economic resources are highly concentrated in industrialized countries, where most of the world's goods are consumed by a minority of the global population. Seventy-seven percent of the people in the world – most of whom live in less-developed nations – have only about 15 percent of the world's wealth, consume only 10 to 15 percent of the world's natural resources, and generate about 10 to 15 percent of the world's pollution. This global inequality is one of the major factors contributing to overuse of resources and destruction of natural habitats. At present, our ignorance of biodiversity is telling: scientists believe that the total number of species on Earth may be about 10 million, although only 1. million have been named and classified. Such knowledge is of great importance in itself, and of fundamental importance to achieving sustainable productivity. But it is only one of many prerequisites; another is a stable human population. Unfortunately – and only if we sustain our attention to family planning around the world – two to three times the current number of people may be alive when the human population levels out. At that point, the intelligent use of organisms and other natural resources will be absolutely essential for future stability. A stable human population, however, will not in itself allow us to attain a stable world. We must also address much more effectively the problems of poverty and lack of social justice throughout the world. This must include pursuing sustainable agricultural development in a way that guarantees more people access to the land they must have to meet their own needs. The role of women must also be enhanced throughout the world, in relation to health and family planning, literacy and school involvement, and participation in the work force. Another problem to confront is overconsumption of the world's resources by people in industrialized countries. Plans to preserve biodiversity and utilize it sustainably will fail as long as the global community continues to promote growth and consumption rather than reduce them. In addition, it is important to augment the number of educators, scientists, and engineers who live in developing countries, only about one in twenty of the world's scientists and engineers live there. Without technical knowledge and expertise, the chances for most less-developed nations to achieve sustainable productivity are poor. All nations must be given the opportunity to explore multiple paths, consistent with their own social values, for making biodiverisity an indispensable ingredient of socioeconomic, cultural, and scientific development. Without the achievement of a stable global population and the implementation of social justice, it simply will not be possible to learn about, manage, preserve, and benefit from what is left of the world's biodiversity. Understanding the connections between biodiversity, human institutions, and our long-term survival is the first step in learning to manage the biological resources of the planet Earth, our common home, for our mutual benefit. The sixth extinction is not inevitable. If humans are the cause, they can also be the solution. Conservation law in this country has taken a new turn, and in many ways California is leading the charge. The next decade will be an exciting and critical time for this state and the nation. The future of our natural resources and of our quality of life may well depend upon the choices and commitments we make over the next few years. If you travel the length or breadth of the state of California, you experience its diversity as a progression of distinct environments, each with characteristic plant species and climatic conditions. To highlight such contrasts, scientists have divided the state into large bioregions, each of which encompasses environments with broadly similar characteristics. A bioregion is itself a mosaic of unique aquatic and terrestrial environments-marshes, grasslands, woodlands, forests. California is composed of 11 major biogeographic areas, or bioregions. The great diversity of habitats within the state has allowed California to serve as a final refuge for species once dispersed throughout the West. The isolation provided by restricted habitats has allowed them to act not only as refuges, but also as centers of evolution for new species. Hence, California has a remarkably high degree of endemism – of species found nowhere else – in much the same way that an island often has endemic species. The two most important arbiters of California's natural landscapes are its Mediterranean climate and its varied topography. These factors are interconnected: landforms modify the climate, producing local variations in temperature and precipitation, and climate determines the nature and rate of erosion and soil deposition. Over eons, these and other factors have interacted to produce an amazing diversity of both landscapes and species. More than a third of the plants native to California are endemic, either evolving here in response to the continual opening up of new ecological niches, or finding refuge here after geologic change had altered their homelands. In California, population growth is obviously a direct cause of spreading urbanization. New housing developments and freeways overwhelm woods, meadows, and chaparral, destroying unique habitats full of evolutionary novelties, placing many native plant and wildlife species in imminent danger of extinction. It is tempting to blame our problems on overpopulation. The California that once supported 300,000 native Americans is now teeming with about 31. 5 million inhaitants-and their automobiles. It may be that the state's environment cannot support this many people, but we also should remember that incredible environmental damage had already been done when the state's human population numbered 1 million or fewer. It may be more appropriate to look at the nature of our economic system, a system oriented toward and dependent upon continuous growth, and one that operates on the fixed assumptions that there are potentially unlimited resources at one end of our economic pipeline and, at the other, a bottomless sink for disposal of wastes. Of course, there is neither. The first inhabitants of California lived for centuries within the limits of their environment, and the Spanish and Mexican economy was oriented more toward stability than growth. Unfortunately, the â€Å"get-rich-quick† mentality of the Gold Rush pioneers who followed them continues to play a role in California even now. The view of the natural world as a place to live, and therefore to care for, has not held its own against the view of nature as something to exploit. We have reached our present dilemma: Now we must balance the need to protect and maintain what is left of California's once renowned biodiversity against the need to care for the well-being of its human population. Yet protecting nature is no longer merely an option; the survival of humanity depends on the survival of our cohabitants on Earth.

Marketing Homework Paper

Although Amazon.com provides a wide range of services ranging from electronics to  apparels it continues to be recognized as an online bookstore. Amazon.com was a pioneer e-  commerce company established in late 1990’s; soon after its launch it became instantly  popular as a n online bookstore. Amazon’s popularity as a bookstore has put it in direct  competition with Barnes & Nobles, an old and a reputed name in book trade. Barnes & Nobles started out as small book shop in Wheaton Illinois way back in 1917.  During 1970’s Barnes & Nobles became the first American bookseller to advertise on TV and  by 1987 it had acquired the largest network of stores across the U.S.A. Barnesandnobles.com  the Barnes & Nobles e-commerce portal was established in late 1990’s at about same time as  Amazon.com (Barnesandnobles.com). Consumer profile and what influences each category of consumers  Based on customer preferences to shop from Amazon or Barnes & Nobles, several customer  profiles can be identified. Those who prefer Barnes & Noble are serious book readers who  are looking for an unconventional title, students of university prefer Barnes & Nobles  because of its reputation for maintaining an excellent inventory of college books and  moreover the bookstore is popular for its highly knowledgeable staff. Some people distrust e-  commerce so it is difficult for them to trust a company which exists only on internet, thusBarnes & Nobles is capable of winning consumer faith due to its physical presence in form of  stores at the same times it has a full-fledged internet website. Since Barnes & Nobles is an  old and established brand a greater percentage of older people over the age of 35 prefer to  buy from it. Amazon.com offers more products and services as compared to Barnes & Nobles which only  sells Books, magazines, music, DVD’s and computer games. Thus most people who shop on  Amazon are comfortable with e-commerce and use e-commerce for most of their shopping  needs. Amazon offers a range of incentives to lure customers such services include free and  free e-cards which customers can send out to their friends. Amazon pioneered the  implementation of the concept of purchaser’s community which allows consumers to interact  with other consumers who have purchased a similar product, thus facilitating exchange of  opinion among customers. Read also  Homework Solutions – Chapter 3 Amazon is an ideal destination for most young buyers who prefer  portal for the wide range of innovative products and services it offers ranging from exclusive  electronics to gift items and apparels. Amazon has superior search engine which integrates  with Google, thus a person looking for a certain book title will get the topmost listing to  Amazon straight to the page associated with the books title. This superior search feature has  made Amazon popular among avid internet users.  Consumer behavior and how it effects e-commerce  Ideally a consumer undergoes six stages of buying process which are (udel.edu)  Problem recognition (awareness of need) Information search Evaluation of alternatives Purchase decision Purchase Post purchase evaluation. The buying process begins with need recognition wherein the consumer recognizes the lack  of certain commodity. Once a need is established the consumer embarks on an information  search in order to learn about the object of desire and where and how to acquire it. The  information search provides the consumer with knowledge of alternative ways which he can  use to acquire the product. Consumer then evaluates each alternative in turn and decides upon  one alternative thus leading to a purchase decision. Consumer then purchases the commodity  and progresses to the consecutive stage of post purchase evaluation wherein the consumers  realizes whether or not he is satisfied with the purchase. Modern marketing approach is intends to create a need for a product. Most promotions and  marketing programmes are designed to create a need. When exposed to modern promotional  materials the consumer is sparked with a desire to posses the commodity. Websites of Barnes  & Nobles and Amazon are designed to inform customers of new offerings and thereby create  a need. Ecommerce sites provide consumers an environment for conducting an information  search and consumers get to thoroughly evaluate the alternatives prior to making a purchase  decision. Values and benefits offered by Barnes & Nobles and Amazon.com  Barnes & Nobles and Amazon manage to score same where pricing is concerned a search for Wilbur Smiths novel â€Å"River God† on both the sites yielded the low priced edition at $7.95.  Barnes & Nobles manages to provide larger collection owing to its own publications and  strategic links with dealers of rare, out of print and used books. Both sites provide free  delivery for orders of $25 and more to most U.S addresses under their Fast and Free delivery  scheme. Bothe companies offer a phone based customer service through their call centre. Amazon sells certain exclusive range of products under its own brand name such as the  Amazon kindle book reader and a Wi-Fi enabled SD card. Websites of both the companies  contain the book reviews by authors and other consumers which enriches the buying  experience. The sites contain special sections dedicated to popular books or movies such as  the Harry Potter. Thus the ecommerce sites are designed to create a long term relationship  with the customer. References Udel.edu   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#stages Barnes & Nobles Amazon.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From   www.amazon.com               

Limiting Reactant Essay

In chemical reactions, the significance of knowing the limiting reactant is high. In order to increase the percent yield of product, increasing the limiting reactant, possibly, is the most effective. In this experiment we were able to calculate limiting reactants from the reaction of CaCl2. 2H2O + K2C2O4.H2O(aq). As a group, we obtained our salt mixture of calcium chloride and potassium oxalate, and weighed the mixture. We were able to make an aqueous solution from the mixture and distilled water. We boiled and filtered off the solution, leaving the precipitate. Once the precipitate was dried overnight, it was weighed and the mass was measured. Then we calculated the moles of the precipitate. From these calculations, we established moles of the limiting reactant, were the same amount of moles in the product based on the stoichiometrically balanced equation. Next the percent yield of the limiting reactant was calculated. In Part B of this experiment, two solutions were added to the aq ueous product in order to determine the limiting reactant. Once each solution was added, we were able to visibly see the precipitate forming when 0.5 M CaCl2 was added. This made us conclude the limiting reactant was in fact CaCl2. Introduction Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. Doing stoichiometry can calculate masses, moles, and percent’s with a chemical equation. The use of stoichiometry is how we were able to find the limiting reagent in this lab. We know that the limiting reagent is the chemical that will be used up first. Two factors affect the yield of product in a chemical reaction: the amounts of starting materials and the percent yield of the reaction. Under certain conditions such as temperature and pressure, can be adjusted to increase the yield of a desired product in a chemical reaction but because the chemicals react according to fixed mole ratios, only a limited amount of product can form from measured amounts of starting materials. A way for us to better understand this concept of the limiting reactant is to observe the reaction in our experiment. The reaction of cal cium chloride dehydrate, CaCl2 ·2H2O,  and potassium oxalate monohydrate, K2C2O4 ·H2O, in an aqueous solution. For the reaction system in this experiment, both the calcium chloride and potassium oxalate are soluble salts, but the calcium oxalate is insoluble. The ionic equation for the reaction is Ca2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)+2K+(aq)+C2O42-(aq)+3H2O(l) ®CaC2O4 ·H2O(s)+2Cl-(aq)+2K+(aq)+2H2O(l) presenting only the ions that show evidence of a chemical reaction, formation of a precipitate, and by removing the spectator ions, no change of ionic form during the reaction, we have the net ionic equation for the observed reaction: is Ca2+(aq)+ C2O42-(aq)+H2O(l) ®CaC2O4 ·H2O(s). In Part A of this experiment the solid reactant salts CaCl2 ·H2O forms and K2C2O4 ·H2O form heterogeneous mixture of unknown composition. The mass of the solid mixture is measured and then added to water-insoluble CaC2O4 ·H2O forms. The CaC2O4 ·H2O precipitate is collected by gravity filtration and dried, and its mass is measured. In Part B, the limiting reactant for the formation of solid calcium oxalate monohydrate is d etermined from two precipitation test of the final reactant mixture from Part A. The first test we tested the mixture for an excess of calcium ion with an oxalate reagent and the second test the mixture is tested again for an excess of oxalate ion with calcium reagents. Materials and Methods Materials Lab coat Safety goggles 1 250ml beaker 1 piece of filter paper funnel 1-2 grams of salt mixture A hot plate A weighing scale Methods 1. Experimenters obtained one 250 ml beaker and weighed it on the weighing scale and recorded the results 2. The 250 ml beaker was then filled with 1-2 grams of the salt mixture and weighed again 3. 100 ml of distilled water was added to the salt mixture 4. The beaker was placed on the hot plate and brought to a boil then removed 5. After cooling, the experimenters filtered the mixture using the filter paper and funnel 6. Experimenters left the filter paper to air dry overnight 7.The air dried filter paper was then placed on the weighing scale and results were recorded Results In experiment A the results from the precipitation of CaC2O4 H2O from the salt mixture were obtained by weighing the items listed on Table 1 on a scale. Table 1. Mass of Beaker (g) 102.994g Mass of Beaker and Salt Mixture 104.683g Mass of Salt Mixture (g) 1.689g Mass of Filter Paper (g) 1.336g Mass of Filter Paper and CaC2O4 H2O (g) 2.000g Mass of Air-Dried CaC2O4 H2O (g) 0.664g In Experiment B the limiting reactant was determined to be CaCl2 when two drops of the test reagent 0.5 M CaCl2 was added to the supernatant liquid in test tube 1, and a precipitate formed. Since there was a reaction, there was C2O42- in excess and Ca2+ is the limiting reactant in the original salt mixture present in test tube 1 . This was further confirmed when two drops of the test reagent .05M K2C2O4 was added to the supernatant liquid in test tube 2. There was no precipitate because Ca2+ was not present since it was the limiting reactant and instead C2O42- was in excess. Table 2. Moles of CaC2O4 H2O precipitated (mol) .0045 (mol) Moles of limiting reactant in salt mixture (g) CaCl2 .0004 (mol) Mass of limiting reactant in salt mixture (g) CaCl2 .4995 (grams) Mass of excess reactant in salt mixture (g) Ca2C2O4 1.113 (grams) Percent limiting reactant in salt mixture (%) CaCl 34% (34.1%) Percent excess reactant in salt mixture (%) K2C2O4 66% (65.8%) Discussion The data of the mass of the salt mixture was a big key for finding the moles of CaC2O4 precipitated. The molar mass of CaC2O4 H2O was 146.097 grams. The mass of the air-dried CaC2O4 H2O CaCl2, was .664g as recorded in table 1. Using a calculation of .664 x 1 mole / 146.097 a result of .0045 mol was recorded in table 2. The test done in Experiment B allowed us to know without any calculations that Ca2+ is the limiting reactant. This allowed us to conclude that the moles of the limiting reactant were .0004 (mol) of CaCl2. In order to achieve the grams of the limiting reactant, the moles of the limiting reactant must be multiplied by the molar mass of the limiting reactant. Therefore the mass of the limiting reactant was .0045 moles and multiplied by its molar mass of 111g to result in .4995g of the limiting reactant in the salt mixture. Next the mass of the excess reactant in the salt mixture was calculated using the same method as the limiting reactant except the molar mass of the excess reactant was used to result in 1.113 (grams) Ca2C2O4 . The final step in the process was to find the percent by mass of the limiting reactant. Since Experiment B allowed us to determine that Ca2+ is the limiting reactant, therefore to find the percentage composition it is necessary to divide the limiting reactant mass by the mass of the original sample then multiply by 100. This provided a result of 34%, and to find the excess percentage, this value was subtracted from 100 to yield 66% of K2C2O4 as the percent of excess reactant in salt mixture. Error Analysis Possible errors might be attributed to careless errors in reading the scale to measure the mass of the beaker, salt mixture or filter paper. Even when  proper care is taken in reading the instruments, systematic errors can present themselves in the instrument used to measure mass. Here, a calibrated scale was used to measure mass, and the systematic error is unknown since it is one of the hardest errors to detect. These two sources of errors might help explain the .1% missing from the CaCl2 and K2C2O4 salt mixture recorded in Table 2. Precision and Accuracy While accuracy deals with how close a measured value is to a true or accepted one, precision deals with how reproducible a given measurement is. Here the mass of the beaker, salt mixture, and filter paper are all precise because they are easily reproducible since it simply involves putting the items on a scale. If the process was repeated 50 times the results would not vary or at the least by .0001 grams based on some outside factor. The mass of the air-dried CaC2O4 H2O is accurate because it was calculated as true by subtracting the mass of the filter paper from the mass of the filter paper and the CaC2O4 H2O. Conclusion As we have stated previously, CaCl2 was our limiting reactant based on the precipitates observed. We were able to rule out Ca2C2O4 because of the lack change in our precipitate.. It was important to note that a limiting reactant in a chemical reaction limits the amount of product that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed. The excess is the reactant in a chemical reaction that remains but there is nothing with which it can react. Taking this knowledge we have gained in appropriately observing the results, we can apply it to future experiments in chemistry in order to evaluate how much product one might want to produce in a given chemical reaction. Reviewing other experiments, from other schools, it is apparent that the need for appropriate data collection in this type of experiment, will help in identifying the excess and limiting reagents. As was the case in UCCS’s Chem 103 Lab Manual, following the procedures and doing them in the proper order are vital to ensuring success in proper reactions. References Tro, Nivaldo. Chemistry A Molecular Approach. 3rd ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.; Beran, J. A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009 Beran, J. A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 9th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley; 2010 UC Davis ChemWiki. Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balancing_Reactions UCCS Chem 103 Laboratory Manual. Experiment 3 Limiting Reactants. http://www.uccs.edu/Documents/chemistry/nsf/103%20Expt3V-LR.pdf Masterson, W, Hurley, C. Chemistry: Principles and Reactions. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning; 2009.

Law Related to hospitality American Disablity Act Essay

Law Related to hospitality American Disablity Act - Essay Example The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) keenly describes the term disability, states those safeguarded by such laws and clearly prohibits discrimination based on disability in areas we shall discuss. ADA describes individuals with disability as those who have physical or mental deficiency that limit there performance in life (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Alternatively it is described as anyone who has some history on such impairment or that perceived by members of the society to have such an impairment (A Guide to Disability Rights Law). ADA Title I addresses employment of persons with disabilities. Employers are supposed to extend equal opportunities to qualified candidates regardless of the physical or mental state. Employers with more than fifteen employees have to observe this law while recruiting, hiring, training, promoting, paying and while extending any other benefits and privileges in the course of employment (Goren). Events of violation of such rights sh ould be filed with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity commission (EEOC) that issues a â€Å"right-to –sue† letter. ADA Title II addresses the benefits entitled to persons with disabilities from the State and Local governments (Goren). Benefits such as those derived from the programs, activities and services of these offices should be available to the less-abled persons. These people should not be discriminated, and special programs should be empowered to lead a self-reliant life in the society. Violations should be reported to the department of Justice with a period that does not exceed 180 days. ADA Title II also addresses public transport of individuals with disabilities. They should not be discriminated, and the public service automobiles should be designed in a manner that cater for such people while Para-transit for sake of such people is highly encouraged. ADA Title III covers public accommodation where such services should be extended in a

The Right to Silence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Right to Silence - Essay Example In England, the right to remain silence, during interrogation by the police, was developed in 1829. This right came into force with the establishment of the professional police force. Prior to the development of this principle, there were complaints that confession were illegally obtained by the police. Under this right, a suspect can refuse to answer the questions posed by the police or courts. The 1912 guidelines, relating to the interrogation of suspects by the police, gave effect to this right. Furthermore, this instrument incorporated a right to silence in the Judges’ Rules. The right to remain silent is inherent in the legal system of the majority of the countries. The accused can exercise this right during pre-trial interviews and interrogations, conducted by the police. Another right, in the criminal justice system is the privilege against self-incrimination. The right to remain silent and protection against self-incrimination have connoted different things at different times. In England, the privilege against self-incrimination was initially available, only to individuals under oath. All the same, those under oath were prevented from giving evidence, and this enabled the prosecution to subject the accused to incriminating questioning (Skinnider and Gordon). In Ibrahim v R, the court held that the confession of the accused could be accepted only if such confession had been voluntarily provided, by the accused. The prosecution was required to establish that the accused had voluntarily confessed his guilt (Ibrahim v R). The right to remain silent has lo ng been deemed to be a fundamental right of an accused person. However, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 has significantly reduced the effectiveness of this right. This Act empowers the courts to draw conclusions from the silence of an accused person, under the following circumstances (Curtailment of the right to silence). First, if the accused fails to mention a fact, during the trial, even though that fact directly relates to his defence, the court may arrive at its own conclusions regarding the accused. Second, if the accused fails to mention a fact, on being charged with some offence, which should have been reasonably mentioned by the accused (Curtailment of the right to silence). Third, if the accused fails to acknowledge the objects, substances, or marks on his body, clothing or personal effects found at the place where the accused was arrested. Fourth, if the accused fails to account for his presence at the place where the offence was committed, at the time that the offence had been committed (Curtailment of the right to silence). The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 has come into force, from April 1995. This Act places a number of restrictions on the exercise of the right to silence by suspects, during trial and police interrogation. If the accused chooses to abstain from mentioning facts during questioning,

Development of European Science and Medicine Research Paper

Development of European Science and Medicine - Research Paper Example During early stages of this period Islamic philosophy, science and medicine was more advanced. Islamic scholars (Amber 357) both preserved and added their own innovations upon Ancient Greek and Roman traditions. The work of great researchers Aristotle, Ptolemy, Avicenna, Jabir ibn Hayyan and Averroes, backed by their contact with the Islamic world in Spain and access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts of the early 12th century opened the doors to academic awakening in Europe. Later, European scholars approached Toledo School of translators to initiate translation programs from Arabic to Latin and aided universities aiming development of scientific communities. The Black Death and other debacles in the late 12th century ended massive learning till it was resumed in 1453 after The Fall of Constantinople. 2. Impact of Science in Medieval Western Europe At the beginning of the 13th century (Late Middle Ages) intellectual translations of the important works related to science, natural p hilosophy and medicine were allowed to spread via both universities and monasteries. It was then, during the Renaissance period 14th century to 17th century that academicians presented the various facets of biological sciences (botany, anatomy, medicine) art, and culture. Invention of printing press in the same era found a way to fast printing of books and spread of ideas around Europe like never before, embarking a revolution in Science and Information Technology. Books namely, De humani corporis fabrica  (On the Workings of the Human Body) by  Andreas Vesalius, and  De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer  Nicolaus Copernicus, were first to be printed. Though the teachings of church dominated medicine, physicians focused on deepening their knowledge about human body by reading translations from Arabian medical texts. The first anatomical drawings made by Andreas Vesalius  and Leonardo Da Vinci after dissection of human body helped in understanding of the internal organs and various systems. The Church prevented medical researchers from dissection of ‘God fearing human bodies’, but allowed criminals and sinners to be dissected as a part of punishment either alive or dead. William Harvey’s experiments in 1628, theorized that the heart act as a muscular pump circulating blood around the body in the blood vessels. Thus understanding of the human body systems forged with the study of Arabic texts on medicinal value of herbs and minerals chalked out more advances in the field of scientific investigations. .The Renaissance apothecaries brought new plants from distant lands explored by Christopher Columbus and others and experimented with them. Apothecary is a historical name to an institution of modern pharmacists and medical practitioners; first apothecary shop was founded by Muslim Pharmacist during Islamic Golden Age and was popular in Spain by the 11th century (High Middle Ages). The work of apothecary in investigation of herbal and c hemical ingredients may be regarded as a precursor of modern sciences and medicine.Qninine extracted from bark of Quina tree was used in treatment of malaria; tobacco leaves were considered to be containing medicinal properties and an opium-based painkiller was prescribed for many disorders. Trade between different parts of the

IT Architectural Considerations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Architectural Considerations - Case Study Example IT Architectural Considerations a. IT characteristics i. Accessibility Accessibility of the centralized sales and product system will be highly restrictive to specific people who will use the system to play specific roles or undertake specific purposes. On the whole, the sales IT manager shall be the head of the system and so he shall have full access to the system. All sales departmental heads shall also have access to the system but they shall not have access to manipulate data put into the system in any way. This is because accounts data are very crucial for determining the progress of the company and need not be tampered with. Finally, accountants and auditors shall have access to the data in the system but shall not have access to operate the system in any way. ii. Availability Since sales, payment and product registration go on in the company on regular basis, the system shall be available for use on regular basis by those who are permitted to have access to it. As often and re gularly as sales are made in any department or any branch of the company, payment input shall be made into the system so that the system will have to record the payment and undertake a comprehensive summation at the head office of the sales. iii. Portability One of the most outstanding advantages of the new technology for the sales and products department is its portability. This is because the framework of the system has been designed to centralize all accounts records of the company. This means that there will not be little fragments of account data to deal with: therefore making the system very portable and handy. One aspect of the system that makes it even more portable is the fact that the system will not be accessible to a lot more people. iv. Reliability The system has been designed on the bases of reliability and accuracy. For instance data entered into the sales and payment system cannot be manipulated in any way by any body expect by the senior sales IT officer. This means that the company shall have reliable sales and payment records. The situation whereby some people are likely to embezzle funds will thus be catered for under the system. The company shall there be expectant of financial growth henceforth b. security aspects as they relate to the technology solution i. Authentication & Authorization Authentication and authorization are important components of any IT system especially when it deals with accounts figures. Wells (1996) explains that â€Å"authentication tools provide the ability to determine the identity of a party to an interaction and to ensure that a message came from who it claims to have come from.† Based on this background, all operators of sales machines have been given registered for a special verification process that makes use of thumbprint. Users therefore have to register their thumbprints into the sales machines before they can access it. Without this verification, data recorded into the sales machine will not be re corded by the new IT system. ii. Prevention & Resistance Any technology system that does not focus on prevention and resistance lacks a good security basis. For this reason, no matter the authentication and authorization features incorporated into the system, the way must be paved for any security breaches to be prevented all together (Purpura,2002). For this reason, a prevention

Marketing Research assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 5 - Assignment Example se logarithms to envision ROI (return on investment .Mathematical difference refers to the percentage acquired after computing the difference between your merchandise cost and the selling price. The larger the difference for instance 70%, the less profit gained because of competition from other companies. Basically, managerially important difference refers to variation in preferences used by company management concerning price and output decisions, choice and techniques of production, demand estimation, investment decision, and long run production decision (Vikram 8). These differences in management may or may not lead to adjustment in changes and invention of new ideas. Organizations that recruit managers with different qualities and capabilities based on different approache to situational factors are at high chances of profiting because of the divergent ideas. On the other hand, statistical significance is a test that determines if marketing research reports are significant or incidental. They include chi-square tests, t-tests, and z-tests which studies relationship between two categorical variables. The level of significance used is 0.10 or 0.05. A result with level of significance of 0.1(90%) indicates statistical significance. To determine if its incidental you check the sample size and determine the margin of error; P (Z=

The leading health indicator as defined by Health People 2020 Essay

The leading health indicator as defined by Health People 2020 - Essay Example The indicators are useful in assessing the health rate of the nation, to facilitate collaboration in different sectors and in motivation of action in different levels to ensure there is improvement of health in the American population. The ability of an individual to have access to health services has effect on many aspect of life. However, there are many Americans who lack primary care providers to receive medical services. This is an issue addressed by leading health indicators as defined by Health People 2020. People who do not have medical insurance are more likely to lack medical care as a result of high costs. It is important that these people receive medical insurance or medical care at affordable costs. To improve the nation’s health there are things that are key such as routine screens and immunizations. The services prevent and detect illnesses to provide treatment (Healthy people,

LITERATURE REVIEW ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL STORIES ON THE SOCIAL Essay

LITERATURE REVIEW ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL STORIES ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIORS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN - Essay Example It can use pictorial tools for elaboration. It has descriptive, affirmative, perspective sentences and directive sentence. For every 0 to 1 directive sentence, the ratio of descriptive, affirmative, and perspective sentences should be 2 to 5. Later, cooperative and control sentences were added in an enlarged definition. Delano and Snell (2006) study was conducted on three Autism affected students Derrel, Sean and Thomas aged 6, 6, and 9 years respectively. Six peers, two each for autism affected child were used. One was a training peer and the other a general peer. Social engagement, its absence, appropriateness and inappropriateness with the peer were studied. The social story was used to increase social interaction and improve target skills This study was the fourth ever study done in history on use of social stories to study improvement in social skills for autistic child. Sean used only text story but Derrel and Thomas were given picture-symbol text. Data was collected over ten minute social sessions. For comparative analysis of intervention and non-intervention phase, a baseline was accepted and the behavior of the students was noted. Duration data in second in 45 sessions for appropriate, in appropriate social engagement and absence of social engagement amongst the affected children and peers was noted in a typical setting of interaction with a training peer, in the story intervention phase, decrease of intervention phase (fading) and absence of story(no story) phase. The first author and an educational teacher were appointed as the observers for study. They were trained on Procorder DV system till they obtained kappa coefficient. All the sessions were video graphed and exported to the Multi-Option Observation System for accurate analysis. There was marked improvement in the social behavior of the target children in the intervention phase. In the fading and no story phases, though the data of social engagement

Poetry Ducle Et Decorum Est Essay Example for Free

Poetry Ducle Et Decorum Est Essay Wilfred Owen was a poet born in 1893, and the poem Dulce et Decorum Est was probably his most famous one. Owen wrote this poem in hospital after suffering from both physical and mental injuries of the First World War. Having experienced war himself, he had a realistic view of the war and tried to convey this to others before he died at twenty-five years old. Dulce et Decorum Est focuses on a gas attack, and portrays that war is not honourable and sweet, as the title suggests in Latin. The poem begins by describing the physical state of the soldiers. The poet uses similes to convey the ill-health of the men. The soldiers are described as being â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars† which characterizes soldiers as being prematurely old, and extremely weak for their young age. Metaphors are also used to draw attention to their weak state of mind, â€Å"Men marched asleep† is used to imply the exhaustion of the fighters, not only the soldiers are here physically but suggests also as they are mentally and â€Å"Drunk with fatigue†. The poet uses the personification of bombs when he writes â€Å"disappointed shells† which suggests the soldiers from the enemy side had thrown bombs and grenades unsuccessfully. This implies that in war, soldiers had a lot of chances to be bombed easily. From the second stanza, we experience war through the naked eyes of a soldier during a sudden gas attack. The tone of the poem changes from a pessimistic calm with the slow walk of soldiers through the â€Å"sludge† to a tone of panic due to the gas attack. â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! † these exclamatory sentences create urgency, which shows how the soldiers had to live in fear every day. From the gas attack, the poet uses again a personification by using â€Å"clumsy helmets† to explain that the gas masks provided were inefficient, and that soldiers almost had no chance of surviving. During that time, the simile â€Å"floundering like a man in fire or lime† is used to show a panicking soldier because gas has got infected his body. This creates a sense of pity because the soldier sees his comrade die in front of him, through the â€Å"misty panes† which are the masks. From this, readers understand that war doesn’t only have physical effects, but also terrible mental effects. The emotional impact of war is well shown in Owen’s poem when in the third stanza, he describes how in all his â€Å"dreams†, he sees his â€Å"friend† who died â€Å"guttering, chocking, drowning†. These three verbs are used as the rule of three, they all are connotations of suffering and death. The fact that he couldn’t help this â€Å"helpless† soldier because gas had already got into his body haunts him every night since. When Owen describes the death of his mates in war, he remembers how badly treated they looked and he uses negative connotations to show that seeing these images hurt him mentally. Owen writes about his friend having a â€Å"hanging face† which suggests that he was exhausted, and uses the simile â€Å"like a devil’s sick of him† that implies Owen comparing his comrade’s face to a devil’s appearance. Seeing his partner suffering, the poet uses the verb â€Å"gargling† to define his †forth-corrupted lungs†. These words submit a sense of sound in the poem which is another way the poet has created pity and also put forward the fact that soldiers die in horrific conditions. On the next line, two similes are used to explain how Owen felt by the scene at this time. Obscene as cancer† and â€Å"bitter as the cud† both suggest death and the darkness of war. â€Å"Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues† shows it is unfair that young soldiers have to live in this misery, instead of having a normal and pleasant life. Readers obviously imagine after this stanza, the memories the survivors still have in their mind is most of the time worth dying, and this affects readers to feel some pity for these young men. In the very last stanza, Wilfred Owen involves the reader by using the second person. If you could hear† reminds the sound sense again but also asks readers between the lines : if you were in this situation, how would you react. Talking directly to the readers gives a bigger chance to Owen to emphazize pity in his poem. He continues with â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such a high zest to children† to create guilt in the readers minds, because soldiers were highly encouraged or even forced to go to war by propaganda and the country’s government. All the people who pushed young men to go to war by saying how great and adventurous it is feel guilty in this last stanza. The word â€Å"Children† also emphazises pity, and points out that Owen has himself been a kid pushed to war and now as a survivor knows the lies behind it. In my opinion, I think that this poem was directed to all the people who formed propaganda for war, but it was also written to tell young men who were going to war in the future aware of the reality. In the end, after pointing out that society shouldn’t lie about war, and after earing that these children desire glory, he states â€Å"The old Lie: Dulce and decorum est pro patria mori†, which is the title of the poem. Here, Wilfred Owen made a rime, and he also has used irony in this one sentence. This whole poem is about expressing how bad war is and when he writes this which means ‘it is honourable and sweet to die for your country’ in Latin perfectly summarises the poem using irony. From this poem, I can obviously see that, after years, Owen still suffers from the physical and mental injuries that war caused him. Lots of strong words have been used by the poet to express what it was like and how he felt, which creates pity in the readers mind. I find Wilfred Owen very brave and courageous for writing this poem that explains how millions of young soldiers have felt, being in war.

Romeo and Juliet Essay Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay Essay Two ancient enemies now united through a sole cause   Foes for an age, maybe longer. Antediluvian hatred stemming from an unknown, long-forgotten beginning. All this envy, all this revulsion, building and boiling, amassing and gathering for a thousand eras ended in the setting of four suns.  So, are these not happy times in which we now reside? Are the peoples of fair Verona joyous and liberal under the united houses of Montague and Capulet? I say not. Instead of a peace filled with elation and euphoria, there is a darker, solemn peace which hangs over the city like a cloud of smoke, encapsulating every citizen, engulfing them with sorrow and mourning; for the dusty veils of the local tombs are freshly lifted, and inside lay the youthful bodies of five untimely slain teens.   But now as the people of Verona weep for their lost citizens, so do the Heavens, as if in mourning for those who have since left us. But falling upon the citys clay roofs are not just tears of sorrow, but tears of rejuvenation. Tears that are set to wash away the troubled times that have stained the air of the streets for generations too long, leaving the clean, freshness of a city being reborn under united powers. I, Friar Lawrence, was sworn into the Franciscan Order nearly a generation before that fateful day. On that day I pledged to aid and protect those who are haunted by the ghosts of their sins, and the phantoms of their indecisions. For many annums I have done that very things which I swore to, from the rising till the setting of Gods sun on every date, did I serve Him, and abet His loyal followers in any way I could.  So whatever did I do to anger Him? Why did He, on this day of any, choose to make my decisions so ill, and let me bring an end to the days of so many, who have had so few? Why did He, after all my fidelity and allegiance, not intervene, and stop Fate laying his demoralizing hand on the shoulders of my Romeo, his only love, and those so close to them both?  O Lord, please forgive my folly thoughts. Never for any moment of any eternity would I question your ways, perplexing as they may be. Maybe those chosen few were too good for this place, and as shall those star-crossed lovers be in the city centre of Fair Verona, sculpted in Gold, for all to witness and perceive, you too have immortalised them with you, their Heavenly Father. Even if that is not so, you, ruler of all the worlds, should not have to intercede with your creation of man every time he leaves his clumsy, feeble arms open to the embrace of Fate, and Death. It is for us, as people, to shelter ourselves against the chill of ill-being and the frosts of inanity. And it is my post, as priest, to spread this knowledge to the innocence and naivety of the Veronian people. So it is I who has failed. Failed myself, failed you, my Lord, and failed those who are now at your side. And for it I should pay. Never once would I complain if when I am to pass away, instead of allowing me to meet and ask forgiveness from fair Romeo explain my rash, careless, unplanned decisions, you damn me to the fiery, harsh unforgiving home of all that is corrupt, and make me confess my stupidities to Beelzebub himself.  I fear too early; for my mind misgives some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, shall bitterly begin his fearful date with nights revel and expire the term of despised life, closed in my breath. Those were the words Romeo told me he spoke. Outside the Capulets party I think he said. He told me he was suddenly overcome by anguish and sorrow, that he may be victim to the cruel, icy emptiness of an premature departure. I wonder if he realised how early it was to dawn? Poor Romeo trusted me and I betrayed him. When he was forsaken by his true love Rosaline, was it not me who he sought? And then when that frail juvenile adore was shattered by the newfound mature love for Juliet, once again did he seek me for help.  And yes, I did agree to join them in matrimony. Yes, I broke my oath, and destroyed everything the priesthood stands for by carrying out those nuptials, but was I really wrong? Is it really flawed to do what you can to help a young boy, so sick with love he cannot think clear over the thunder of his heart? Maybe I should have turned him away, told him to get a hold of himself. These violent delights have violent ends and in their triumph die, like fire and powder, which as they kiss, consume. Were the words I spoke, but should I have said them with more meaning? With more belief? After all, he had only just met this fair queen of whom he wished to marry. But his eyes told a different tale. In a single gaze I could see that young boys heart, and that young boys soul. This was not just another reckless engagement. He loved this lady more than the earth, and he would as long as the stars shone in the sky, and the rivers flowed in the valleys.  So maybe what I did wasnt advised by my Order and my Book, but it was advised by my heart. And all I ever hoped to attain was peace for the two houses For this alliance may so prove to turn your households rancor to pure love were the world I spoke to the houses; too long tormented by the rage they felt for one another to ever seek a rational concession. And now that is what I have. But they are not aligned behind the joyous, merriment of a wedlock, but the bleak emptiness of an early funeral.  And was that not the only fallacious choice I made during those last frightful days? I can now only wish. For not only did I bring those children their most happy hour, for I also gave them their most dreadful; their last.

Hollywood And The Rise Of Cultural Protectionism Media Essay

Hollywood And The Rise Of Cultural Protectionism Media Essay As suggested by Elsaesser, 2005 Hollywood has been used to refer to various artistic goods from the United States of America that are very popular and well known globally. These products include TV programs, films, music as well as a number of world-wide broadcasters for instance CNN, MTV and Disney. The achievement of Hollywood is unquestionable; in 1998 the 39 films deemed to top the list of popularity and successes were of America origin. On the same note Hollywood in Europe has made the home movie industries struggle to hold even 30% of their nationwide market share. The issue of Americas cultural influence is conceivably felt most profoundly in France, where President Jacques Chirac said in 1999 that France refused to consider cultural products like ordinary goods, subject solely to the law of the market. (Scott, 2000) Additionally, other countries as far as Middle East and Asia and Africa are also feeling the American cultural influence as a result of Hollywood. This attitude is reflected in large subsidies to French creative industries and in laws which limit the amount of foreign material on television and in cinemas. Such cultural protectionism with no doubt has been deemed to be a burning issue in the World Trade Organization negotiations and is attributed to such activities as government sponsoring international broadcasting internationally in order to counter the American media perspective. The major examples of American films that influence culture in political philosophy, economic philosophy, social structure, education, religion and language include Air Force One, Cruel Intention, The Associate, Passion of Christ and Rush Hour in that order (Bruner, 2008). On this background, the essay is a critical examination of aspects of culture as being invisible, and using Hofstedes and Trompenaars definition the aspects of culture being promoted by Hollywood films are discussed. Similarly the various ways Hollywood films affect cultural values of people outside US are brought to light. Finally, the essay examines the issue of protectionism declining or being seen as insignificant. Discussions on whether countries should use protectionism or not to support their domestic film industries are also discussed. In the same line of reasoning, the paper brings forth other cultural industries that need protection from the government. Aspects of culture that Hollywood films promote around the world According got Hosfede definition of culture, he said that culture is mind software that ensures that it guides each individual in his or her daily interaction (Hofstede, 2001). He said that the entire individual carries with them a pattern of thinking, feeling and the way in which they act that has been learned through their lifetime experience. Much of what one has in life is acquired in once childhood due to persistence learning of certain aspects and the assimilation of some ideas. Therefore, as some of the thinking has been instilled in once minds, it changes one way of thinking and acting in his/her environment. Therefore, if such is required to be reverted, a lot more has to be done as it is very difficult to change the effect one has conceived for a bigger period than learning them in the first time. Trompenaar in his tempt to define what culture holds came up with different dimension that affect the culture. Therefore, this cultural dimension will be explored in regard with the effect that has been brought by the Hollywood films. Hollywood film has promoted different aspects of culture around that world in various films that they have produced. Though they have experienced many critics, their effects are paramount and cannot be ignored. Some of the cultural effect that the film has brought in the face of the world is political philosophy through their film Air Force 1. This film shows the capacity that the united state has in curbing terrorism. It brings about a vision where the government of US has great ability to fight about the terrorism in its own capacity undermining the strength of such government like Kazakhstan (Peer ally, A. 2008). The Hollywood film has a great effect on economic philosophy in the world through their films such as Cruel Intentions and The Pursuit of Happiness. Both the films show how economical crisis can lead to breakage of relationship and lack of enough resource can lead to engaging in vices as Cruel Intention postulate. Through these films, Hollywood has put a great impact on those people who are economically stable to be sited to have other wicked ways as being deceitful to their counterparts and taking advantage of the poor ones. The film has also made a lot of impact on social structure. Such movies as The Associates and Pretty Woman have been at the stage of culture diversification (Gudykunst Kim 1997). The film shows the level at which one is changed after meeting with other people no matter their caliber. The film shows people being able to change their working condition at taking time to socialization. The film is able to enhance the male social responsibility towards their female culprits when they are in time of danger. The Hollywood films have been equivocal in the nature of the impact they have had towards education. Dead Poets Society and Little Miss Sunshine are among the films that have been directed towards affecting the education. For example, in a Dead Poet Society film, the culture of education is portrayed as parent being so conservative in most of the world (Peerally 2008). This is where the parents decide on what their children are supposed to pursue in their academic future yet their children have different perspective, which should be respected according to their talents. These are some of the things that most of the communities are fighting across the globe. Therefore, the film has brought a lot of sensation on such education culture. Religion has also been in the receiving end through Hollywood films such as The Passion of Christ and the Love Guru film. Passion of Christ film has been the most controversial film that has received a lot of resistance especially in the Muslim world. This has to some extent been banned to be viewed in countries where Islam religion is rampant. This is because it has been viewed as to support Christian and by the people viewing it, they it will cause religious upgrade which is one sided. This is by purporting one faith and ignoring the Islamic religion. To the Christian world, it has contributed to the culture of religion and has been rampant in the idea of strengthening Christianity. Language has not been left behind as one of the aspects that have been affected by Hollywood films. Rush Hour and Borat: Cultural Learning of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan among other films has been in the forefront in the language diversification. The Borat show how the Kazakhstan girl changes her village after marriage to a US man. She is able to learn different language that helps her to bring many changes in her village including technology. Though this film was held with mixed reaction, it has made a lot of impact on the people around the globe. How Hollywood film has affected cultural values of other nations The film has been very predominant on the Christianity, thus undermining the other religion. Therefore, by promoting one religion according to Hall 1976, most of the viewers are conditioned towards the superiority that this religion has over other religion. To some extent, due to their high demand across the world, some of the government like the government of Malaysia has developed a soft spot towards its viewing by lifting its complete burn on some of the movies to the entire resident but restrict them only to be viewed by the Christians only. These films has supported Christianity very much in countries whose Islam is a strong hold. The films have caused Americanization globally through these films upholding American culture and beliefs and propagating their values to the whole world through these films. According to Hofstede1991, this has made the upcoming generation to be brought up in an environment that has very much been intoxicated by the US culture from the mode of dressing to language change that is regarded as urbanization in different parts of the world. Their movies have been the cause that affects people in the culture that they have in the communication patterns. They ensure explicit and implicit communication that ensures that they improve their values in other countries (Bram, 1997). They come up with the American way and even other way of communication, that seemingly is being emulated by the young generation that is changing towards their assimilation to this communication structure. These movies will affect on the way people outside US make their decision. They show streams of decision-making process that the actors uses that eventually turns to be either successful or failure according to certain circumstances. This may see some of the people across the globe emulate the movie sterling in making their own decision in regards to the way they have portrayed in some of the movies. This will eventually turn to be a holistic way in which a decision is executed to cater for certain occasion especially by the young generation who may be at high risk of emulating these ideas. Some of the movies like The Lord of the Ring have been portrayed as the one that show struggle between god and evil. Therefore, people who are out of the America and are not at the verge of understanding their culture right away may take it as war between Muslim and Christianity. This may deepen the hatred that has been perennial among this religious group and always causing havoc amongst them. Aspects that make Hollywood movies to have effects on other nations Realia The use of film as the Hollywood has been using can bring lots of change in the cultural world. The movies use Realia in their production that enhances authenticity of the communication that enhances the culture that they want to bring about. Realia is a communicative language teaching that uses life materials from the culture that has been targeted to provide the audience with a dose of reality. This is seen inmost films such as Passion of Christ, which has been shooting in Italy where it is incorporated with the roman culture being more real and with then authenticity that makes it very convincing. They are able to use war jets and real staged information that makes the audience to be susceptible towards the effect that the film portrays. Saviors This is the ability of using and coming up with intercultural communicative experience that is so rampant in the Hollywood movies. They are able to incorporate the altitude for example some people from other countries has in different aspect of life with their knowledge of certain professional features like armed forces, and their skills especially in the intercultural communication in the films. This acts as ne of the most convincing aspect towards the change of the people behaviors. The curiosity that has been encompassed therein creates a lot of passion for the films making them to be a source of irresistible culture change aspects. It creates curiosity to the people feel that they are supposed to discover unfamiliar phenomena especially about themselves. This is by creation of stereotypes in different communities making the community concerned to be ell aware of how the world thinks of them (Adler, 1991). This makes them to try as much as possible either to counter that or to be self aware about themselves. Social cultural knowledge The movies have ever been at the core point of making the world aware of the cultural and social diversity of people around the globe. They do this by the way they display each culture according to the way they act their movies making their audience emulates some of the cultures especially the ones that has been displayed positively across the film. This has affected the people culture around the globe by trying to incorporate different culture as portrayed in the movies. Mostly, the American culture has been the most borrowed by the film lovers across the globe. Therefore, this has made most critics to accuse the Hollywood filmmakers of trying to instill American cultures and social values to the whole world making other cultural values that had been held with a lot of esteem to start fading or be lost in confusion of integrated culture from different places. Islamic religion has been the most critical of Hollywood work due to them inclining themselves in one religion and using of c ulture that the Islamic religion do not allow in their countries. They claim that they cause disintegration of morals and there are not viable to be viewed in their countries. Most of these movies are the cause of westernization in most the other part of the world. Cultural dimensions The film has brought about changes around the globe by creating a platform where people are able to acquire cultural awareness of other nations thus being able to identify and interpret and hence analyzing implicit and explicit values of each culture according to the phenomena that are attached in them (Adler, 1991). According to Trompenaar, he claims that the people culture is capable of differing due to what has been equipped in their mind. He called this mental program in his work he described different dimensions that causes cultural change. Power distance is the first dimension that has been brought to show how Hollywood film causes cultural change in the lives of the people outside US. This is by unequal distribution of power in the movies presented and therefore showing that the American government being more powerful than other nationalities that are antagonist in the plot. This makes people to have a certain view towards the capability that the US government has especially in the way they handle their security issues and fight against terrorism. The other dimension is uncertainty avoidance that is the capacity at which people from other cultural divide feels uncomfortable of unknown cultural situation. These movies brought about urge of the people to feel insecure to interact freely due to the kind of stereotyping that has been brought to each cultural group in the world. They make people to prepare for ambiguity that may emerge during their interaction, therefore culture change. Individualism and collectiveness is another dimension that has been coined in the pursuit of understanding the effects of the Hollywood films on the other part of the world. The film is able to put the degree of the cohesiveness that exists among different societies more pronounced in their films. This has made the people to start changing their way of living to ensure that they embrace the integrated living mechanisms and in the long run, forgetting some of their culture and social values (Hosted, 1991). Masculinity and femininity is also another aspect of dimension that has been affected very much through the emergence of these films. According to Trompenaar, he used masculinity gender role has a very distinctive contrary to femininity role which overlap (Adler, 1991). Otherwise, the movies have brought about roles of women to equally competitive as men roles are. They have been portrayed to be higher achievers thus changing the mentality of most of the society in the world especially where women are seen as weaker sex. Hollywood in the Global scene According to Bruner, 2008 globalization a concept characterized mainly by free movement of people, capital, goods and services has seen to it that the world has turned to be a global village. Through globalization, Hollywood has captured market in the entire world toping in most of the films. Strictly speaking, there are various movies that have been released by Hollywood that have influenced various aspects of the worlds thinking and ideologies. These include Air Force One, Cruel Intention, The Associate, Passion of Christ and Rush Hour to mention but a few. The films have had profound effect on political philosophy, economic philosophy, social structure, education, religion and language (Scott, 2000). The wide spread of Hollywood products throughout the world and especially in Europe is attributed to the progressive dismantling of a number of formal barriers to trade as well as investment fostering creation of global market. Additionally, the urge for higher degree of economic inte rdependence as well as a higher desire of interconnection and advancement in technology has made this possible. Hollywood is credited for producing over 80% of films being watched globally and has increased its market share two-fold from 1990. It is worth to note that it is second after aerosol in contributing to US export. The industry not only produces films but books, music, TV programs, software as a single industry has contributed in the economy of America by providing individuals with thousands of jobs among other things. Its dominance has also seen to it that less than 1% of foreign films industries have a stake in the country. On the same note, Hollywood in Europe has made the home movie industries struggle to hold even 30% of their nationwide market share. Hollywood dominance dates back in 1920s; currently compared to 1980 where it received about 30% of its revenue from overseas it now receives slightly above 50%. In Japan, the industry controls slightly over 50% of movie industry. A globalized market as well as world market that fancy big budget and entertaining movies having the rig ht stuff are attributed to being the major determinant factors making Hollywood films has a very high demand. However, although there are agreements that globalization as well as Hollywood wide spread has had positive stride in the societies; various groups (government, journalists and citizens) hold that the benefits accrued from Hollywood going international have in one way or another undermined cultural identity of a given population within a sovereign state or country. It is worth noting that indeed common markets has had the capability of promoting comparable manners as well as the chasing and acquisition of analogous ways of life among the worlds population; the most affected and vulnerable groups are the youths. The result is that various stakeholders have held their breath with regards to their customs, traditions, beliefs, views, thoughts and heritage being washed away. As results, to counter the problem, the governments have initiated policies and other tools aimed at safeguarding the nations culture in the face of globalization. There are a number of trade controls which include taxes, subsidies and quotas have been put in place in order to protect and nurture home cultures. Protectionism By definition, protectionism has been thought as the advocacies, systems or theories aimed at protecting/coddling those local domestic producers by limiting or impeding by using subsidies, quotas and tariffs importation of products as well as services deemed to be of foreign origin. The phenomenon has been insignificant and in decline in the recent years although its applicability has brought both negative and positive impact to the industry (Cavusgil et al., 2008). It is no doubt that the mechanisms used in coddling domestic industries including film industries for instances tariffs potentially raise the prices of imported products from the United States as well as other foreign countries. This is usually aimed at making the goods and services to be less attractive to end-users as compared to domestic products that are cheap. Quotas aim at reducing the amount or quantities of products being imported have also been used as device to protect domestic industries. Historically, wars and economic depressions did play a role in encouraging protectionism (Rosen, 1981). On the other hand, peace, globalization, interconnectedness and economic interdependence have played a part in encouraging free trade. Strictly speaking the policies that encouraged protectionism was wide spread back in 17th and 18th centuries in Europe (Scott, 2000). In 19th century, Britain abandoned her laws that encourage the phenomenon and during the World War I tariffs were tremendously lowered in Europe. It is worth mentioning that in 1920s, raising economic and political temperatures brought about protectionism through custom barriers. This led to drastic shrinking of world trade. The signing of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade did help countries such as U.S reduce custom tariffs and tremendously cutting down quotas hence encouraging world trade. Nonetheless, such agreements as GATT and NAFTA have not been successful in curbing the problem as it is evident that a number of countries resort to protectionism when faced with foreign competition (Cavusgil et al., 2008). There have been very serious arguments as whether movies should be considered and treated just like any other good. Similarly, given the magnitude of the argument, a big question has been brought forth, should countries protect and support their own domestic film industries through protectionism? To fully address the issue the paper will try to analyze both sides of the arguments and arrive at a conclusion. In one side, there are those of the opinion that movies should be treated just like any other commodities in the market and opt to be given a comparative advantage where the best producers of the same should specialize on it; consume enough and export the surplus while at the same time import what it is not producing. Like any other goods and services, movies promote the well-being of individual in terms of political, sociological, economical as well as environmentally hence should be treated as such. On the other hand, those opposing the notion hold that people fail to understand that movies/films are distinct from the normal goods and services. They believe that films have a profound capacity to seriously injure or influence cultures of sovereign nations; this means also that political, sociological and economic philosophies are in the mix. The then Canadian prime minister summarizes this Movies are culture incarnate. It is a mistake to view culture as a commodityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cultural industries, aside from their economic impact, create products that are fundamental to the survival of Canada as a society (Baughn Buchanan 2001). Mechanisms fostering protectionist Strictly speaking there are a number of protectionists policies employed in world trade and for these matter movie industries. They include tariffs, import duties, administrative barriers, anti-dumping legislations, direct subsides, export subsidies, exchange rates and international patent. Cavusgil et al., 2008 noted that the most commonly used in movie industry are tariffs, subsidies, quotas and to an extent administrative barriers as well as exchange rates. What necessitated protectionism against U.S films as well as other related product stems from being accused of cultural imperialism, cultural colonialism, and cultural hegemony (Murray, 2003). Tariffs or taxes are place on imported products. Although they vary from country to country the aim is to increase the cost of importation this in turn makes the product to be highly priced hence unattractive to end-user as compared to the cheap local ones this in the long run lowers the volume of imports. There are other countries that did resort to using administrative barrier on the grounds that the product spoil and erode their national culture (Baughn Buchanan 2001). This works just like administrative rules for instance safely of food, electrical safety among others this thus is used to bring to play barriers that impede importation. Import quotas can also be used where it aims to cut down the quantity of imported products increasing its market price. Quotas bound the number of screen shows to be aired by United States films or may call the domestic industries to make a given number of films within a specified period of time. Eventually this prevents customers from viewing the movies that they want to (Murray, 2003). Manipulation of exchange rate has also seen to it that a country lowers the value of her currency. This raises the cost of importing goods and lowering the cost of exporting hence aiding in improving the country balance of trade. This has been shown to be effective in a shorter. Subsides include government paying a lump-sum or offer loans at vey low interest rates to domestic industries in order to compete with their foreign counterparts. Subsidies can weaken the domestic film industries (Trumpbour, 2002). Arguments supporting protectionism According to Murray, 2003 proponents believe that there is dire and legitimate need for governments to restrict entrance of Hollywood product deemed American from entering the country as they will jeopardize the national culture as well as political and socio-ecological philosophies. This will also help boost local industry. Trying to come up with a better balance of payment or trade balance is one such argument brought forth by proponents of protectionism. This stems from the understanding that when importations are discouraged and exportation of the some product encourage, the country will have a favorable balance of payment. This assumption forgets the long-term consequences for instance, when a country limits importation of products from a certain country, there are also chances that the other country will limit importation leaving the other country with no place to sell her products (Rosen, 1981). According to Baughn Buchanan 2001 protection of infant industries from unfair competition has also been used to support protectionism. The nurturing of such industries will help the country pick up, employs her people resulting to a better economic state. Additionally, the idea according to supporters helps protect declining industries from worsening the existing structural unemployment. On the same note, protectionist has been hailed to help countries shield it from being dumping site. There are argument that America produce poor quality films filled with pornographic materials and negative depiction of other countries political religion and economic ideologies. Argument against protectionism Opponents of protectionism have brought forth arguments that support the notion that indeed the concept has turned to be armful to people it aimed to initially protect. Protecting Hollywood films from entering the global scene in the name of preserving cultural as well as traditional heritage is in no doubt aimed at nothing other than keeping the citizen trapped in the dark ages (Cavusgil et al., 2008). Preservation of culture is intellectual slavery considering the trend of globalization where the world has turned into a global village and people meet every now and then. Additionally, protectionism misses the point since Hollywood products are aimed at brining together the entire world to have a common ground where communication help spread of knowledge, ideas, and feelings. This help resolve the current stalemate in division and conflict. On the same line, protectionism although aim at promoting local and infant industries, the blockage of foreign screens will definitely block the affected countrys citizen from access to information as well as freedom of speech (Trumpbour, 2002). This in itself is a breach of the constitution under human rights. For instance, quotas will limit the quantity of screens being aired making the local citizen with very limited options. According to Elsaesser, 2005 Greenspan a former chairperson of Federal Reserve said that protectionism, leads to an atrophy of our competitive ability. If the protectionist route is followed, newer, more efficient industries will have less scope to expand, and overall output and economic welfare will suffer. In a broader scope the concept major aim is to discourage importation of Hollywood product, this definitely have a multiplier effect on a number of countries that are partners in trade. For instance, if a country in the Middle East reduces imports, this may probably lead to a reduced rate/volume of her exports and in the long run jeopardizing global output. More importantly, the whole idea works against the world trade agreements and also derails competition. The lack of competition brought about by coddling of domestic industries will mean that such industries will not have an opportunity to be challenged in the free market to produce high quality products. In my view, there are other methods other than protectionism that could be used to help protect a country to shield and support its own film industry. These include among others, competing under a free market environment a situation where competitive advantage dictates who survivors and who does not, while doing so, government should support such industries financially and using measures that are short-term. Additionally, there is need for government to form consortiums that will help evaluates movies as well as other programs before being released to the public (Baughn Buchanan 2001). Although there are other cultural industries that need to be protected by the government for instances tourism, it is evident that the negative impacts of doing so will bring down the industry. However there is need to have acceptable measures to address such issues as demonstration effect, pornography which comes with tourism.

Legal Liability of Parents Essay -- essays research papers fc

Legal Liability 0f Parents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents should and should not be held legally responsible for their children’s actions. Parents who are incompetent and parents who are in the system themselves should be held responsible for their children’s actions. Parents who are handicapped and parents who are competent should not be held responsible for their children’s actions. Parents that do not rear their children should be held responsible. There are parents who do not care what the child does as long as they are not in there way. They are too involved in their careers or in life to care what the child does. Often the child acts out for attention. Most parents believe that by taking the child to counseling will solve the problem, without going to counseling themselves. The parents do not take the disciplinary role. They either had a child by accident or had one for their significant other, when they really did not want children. By holding them responsible it teaches the parent a lesson. The parent learns that even though they tried to ignore the problem that there is a problem and that they need to take time out of there day to listen to the child. The child will also pay for their actions, either by the parent or eventually by the law. Parents that are in the system themselves should also be held responsible. Parents who do drugs and know what the child is doing and chooses not to intervene should be held responsible. The government should take the ch...

Gaining Control of the Gene Responsible for Apoptosis Essay -- Apoptos

Gaining Control of the Gene Responsible for Apoptosis When we gain control of the gene responsible for the phenomenon of apoptosis, we will be in control of aging. We are finding more evidence every day, indicating genetic links to all sorts of factors in the human being. We are just now beginning to scratch the surface of our own genetics. A landmark discover has just been unveiled: In February [2001], the two groups charting the human genome published their results—the entire 3 billion base pair sequence. The only definitive conclusion so far: Humans are far more complicated than we thought. †¦Eric Lander, director of the Whitehead Center for Genome Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts †¦ adds: â€Å"within a decade, we will understand a lot about the causes of diseases. Understanding, however does not translate into cures.† (Sinha 43) With this research we will uncover more factors that our genetic code regulates, many factors that were previously believed to be random events. Spontaneous cell death, as it turns out is not spontaneous at all, but genetically predetermined at conception. Cell death is an essential part of life. The cells in our bodies are constantly dividing, producing hundreds of thousands of new cells every second. To maintain balance, for every new cell, another cell must die. Our cells are programmed to kill themselves through a process called apoptosis. This in-built program of cell suicide prevents cancer by eliminating cells with damaged genes (Cotran 18). Similarly, our bodies replace cells with a new type of cell when a change is needed, such as during embryonic development (Cotran 18). To illustrate this point, we look at one of Dr. Adamchak’s â€Å"stories of physiology,† as taught from Martini... ... Schneider, Edward, L. New York: Plenum Press, 1978 Cech, T. â€Å"Life at the End of the Chromosome: Telomeres and Telomerase.† 20 Sept. 2000, National Institute on Aging, NIH Massur Auditorium, 18 March, 2001. . Cotran, Tucker, and Vinay. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunder, 1999 Heydari, Ahmad, R. Understanding the Secrets of Aging and Cancer Through Nutritional Intervention. 3 January, 2001, Heydari Laboratory, Wayne U., 19 March, 2001, . Leeuwenburgh, C., Pollack, M. Mitochondrial control of Apoptosis in Aging and Exercise. 21, January, 1999 Aging Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, U. of Florida, 19 March, 2001, . Martini, Frederic, H. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 4th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998 Sinha, G. â€Å"Our Genes Exposed.† Popular Science. May 2001: 43

Freud’s Perspective of an Advertisement for Clinique :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Freud’s Perspective of an Advertisement for Clinique Although Freud's theories of psychoanalysis tended to deal exclusively with dreams, his understanding of the unconscious proves to be entirely useful in deconstructing popular culture. We can take, for example, the Clinique advertisement into consideration by viewing the image itself as a public (perhaps collective) and published dream. Freud may not have been particularly interested in the visual features or compostion of the image, yet these components are vital to the translation from conscious to unconscious thoughts. First, we can examine the bar of soap itself, as depicted in the scene. We are at once struck by the grotesque and commanding zie (certainly unrealistic) of the bar; yet it also appears insolated - from a consumer, from production, etc. The bar is shown in another (unusual) manner: its yellow-green colour portrays a "clean" and "natural" product, but also conveys an immaculate, medicalized one. The bubbles surrounding the bar also carry stylistic features; they appear as perfectly "round", "firm", "gentle" and "clean" (although we can see a lather/suds, the bubbles remain completely "pure" in themselves.) Finally, the pouring water re-iteratres this sense of purity and nature; the waterfall-like motion generates feelings of tranquility and harmony. (The text found in the advertisement supports these sentiments of purity, carlessness ["allergy tested" = worry free] and nature, and for the purpose of my examination require no further mention.) At this point we are able to undertake a Freudian analysis of the image. While the components mentioned can be understood as the visual, manifest content, we can attempt to translate their hidden, subverted, latent thoughts. According to Freud, all manifest content is subject to distortion by the "dream-work" (the mechanism by which such thoughts are altered, and thus we must decode the image by paying particular attention to the hidden elements (the ones that resist our analysis most). If all thoughts are generated in the unconscious, as Freud believes, then we must center our analysis on these hidden or latent components. One can see how, in this Clinique advertisement, Freud's theory of the dream-work is logical; both dream-distortion and dream-censorship are evident. An initial psychoanalysis of the image reveals an inherent desire to be "wholesome" (or "moral", as depicted by the rounded bubbles), "clean" (or "moral", as depicted by the medicalized soap) and "pure" (or "moral", as depicted by the clear, natural water). It is my understanding then, that this advertisement appeals to the viewer as a "sinner", or flawed individual, and aims to reconcile this deficiency through morality. Freud’s Perspective of an Advertisement for Clinique :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Freud’s Perspective of an Advertisement for Clinique Although Freud's theories of psychoanalysis tended to deal exclusively with dreams, his understanding of the unconscious proves to be entirely useful in deconstructing popular culture. We can take, for example, the Clinique advertisement into consideration by viewing the image itself as a public (perhaps collective) and published dream. Freud may not have been particularly interested in the visual features or compostion of the image, yet these components are vital to the translation from conscious to unconscious thoughts. First, we can examine the bar of soap itself, as depicted in the scene. We are at once struck by the grotesque and commanding zie (certainly unrealistic) of the bar; yet it also appears insolated - from a consumer, from production, etc. The bar is shown in another (unusual) manner: its yellow-green colour portrays a "clean" and "natural" product, but also conveys an immaculate, medicalized one. The bubbles surrounding the bar also carry stylistic features; they appear as perfectly "round", "firm", "gentle" and "clean" (although we can see a lather/suds, the bubbles remain completely "pure" in themselves.) Finally, the pouring water re-iteratres this sense of purity and nature; the waterfall-like motion generates feelings of tranquility and harmony. (The text found in the advertisement supports these sentiments of purity, carlessness ["allergy tested" = worry free] and nature, and for the purpose of my examination require no further mention.) At this point we are able to undertake a Freudian analysis of the image. While the components mentioned can be understood as the visual, manifest content, we can attempt to translate their hidden, subverted, latent thoughts. According to Freud, all manifest content is subject to distortion by the "dream-work" (the mechanism by which such thoughts are altered, and thus we must decode the image by paying particular attention to the hidden elements (the ones that resist our analysis most). If all thoughts are generated in the unconscious, as Freud believes, then we must center our analysis on these hidden or latent components. One can see how, in this Clinique advertisement, Freud's theory of the dream-work is logical; both dream-distortion and dream-censorship are evident. An initial psychoanalysis of the image reveals an inherent desire to be "wholesome" (or "moral", as depicted by the rounded bubbles), "clean" (or "moral", as depicted by the medicalized soap) and "pure" (or "moral", as depicted by the clear, natural water). It is my understanding then, that this advertisement appeals to the viewer as a "sinner", or flawed individual, and aims to reconcile this deficiency through morality.

Ambiguous Adventure

Ambiguous Adventure written by Cheikh Hamidou Kane talks about the life of Samba Diallo and his â€Å"adventure† which brings change to himself as well as his people. Black Skin, White Masks is written by Frantz Fanon and is criticizing the outlook of black people on themselves as well as how they see others. In the paragraphs below my response about the two books will be given. Ambiguous Adventure has education as a key theme.It talks about the sacrifice that the Diallobe people make by allowing their children to enroll in the white man’s school in order to protect the future of their people knowing that there is a possibility that the children would lose all knowledge about their culture and traditions. This novel also has the theme of belonging and acceptance. Samba has been exposed to two cultures and now feels that none of these cultures are his own. His generation has been mixed with two cultures that the only way to move forward would be to make their own culture .In Black Skin, White Masks accepting oneself is what in my opinion Frantz talks about. In connection to Ambiguous Adventure, one has to stop moaning about what has happened to him and start looking towards the future and that’s what Samba does. Black Skin, White Masks adds more understanding into the struggles of the black man which creates an insight into the life of Samba Diallobe and his people. It tells them that they should cut their loses short and move on with lives.

Factors that influence an individual’s self-concept Essay

P3: State factors that influence an individual’s self-concept M2: Outline how factors can influence the development of an individual’s self-concept Sharon is a 17 year old girl at the stage of adolescence, to add on to that she’s also a single mother of two children. Throughout her life she has had to grow up more than others as she has a family of her own to look after as well as her educational life which will determine how her future will turn out later. In this assignment I will state as well as outline factors that can influence the development of Sharon’s self-concept. Before I continue I will be discussing self-concept, self-esteem and self-image in terms of Sharon. Self-concept is how Sharon views herself in terms of her strengths and weaknesses; self-concept is what she thinks of herself as†¦ While self-esteem is how much Sharon values herself, in other words if Sharon had a high self-esteem she would be more likely to believe herself as an extremely likeable person. Lastly, self-image is basically the overall image Sharon has of herself, what she believes her own image portrays. Read more:  Influences that affect children’s development essay Age: Especially at the stage of adolescence, girls like Sharon tend to be extremely self-aware of their own image and how they portray themselves towards the public. This is because as Sharon gets older, she’s more likely to care about how other people think of her. Age influences Sharon’s self-concept because as she gets older she’ll tend to behave in a certain way when she thinks she doesn’t belong anywhere, to be able to fit into everybody’s standards. As Sharon gets older, she’s more likely to develop her own self-image however peer pressure will prevent her from doing that as she will feel more pressured into fitting in and more fearful of being rejected by the majority. Appearance: Appearance is a big influence on Sharon’s self-concept, as appearance also affects your self-image as well as self-esteem. During the stage of adolescence, teenagers like Sharon tend to be more critical to themselves more therefore their way of judging tends to be more harsh; depending on  Sharon’s judgment of herself it’s more likely that she will either have higher self-esteem or lower self-esteem: this is because at this stage teenagers like Sharon tend to seek out their insecurities more and are less likely to point out their strengths since they are more focused on trying to fit in†¦And these days teenage girls care more about being physically perfect and trying climb up the social ladder that they sometimes forget about their own unique qualities and try to forge a completely whole image which fits completely into society’s standards. However looking back at Sharon’s past, it’s more likely that she’s to have a more negativ e self-concept, self-image as well as self-esteem as not only has she given birth once but twice and pregnancies can cause physical side effects such as stretch marks; now adding on to the stress Sharon has to face from trying to fit in she also has to face the physical side effects of giving birth which can cause her self-esteem to deflate which will overall affect her self-image. Gender: Gender influences Sharon’s self-concept because Sharon depending on how she’s been brought up may act upon society’s expectations towards male and female. When it comes to females, they are expected to be more of the submissive type that tend to do the domestic tasks around the house and do jobs related to health care more than physically strenuous jobs. Unlike males who are suspected to be more dominant, strong and more into jobs which doesn’t require emotional involvement but more of physical and intellectual involvement. When it comes to gender’s influences to Sharon’s self-concept, she will tend to stray away from doing physically strenuous activities as a girl she’s not expected to be strong and fit like boys but fragile and slender because it suits society’s overview on femininity. Overall adolescents like Sharon will feel more pressured in trying to fit into their gender roles. Culture: Culture affects our self-concept because it could change Sharon’s values and views of herself depending on what kind of culture she grew up into. Culture teaches Sharon a lot about how to do things such as what kind of clothes to  wear, how to react in different situations, and what food she should be eating; in other words it encourages Sharon to have different views and improves her self-concept depending on what kind of culture we grew up into. Culture mostly influences positive self-concept as culture is mostly not aimed to degrade our self-image but to improve our overall views on ourselves by gaining confidence and learning how to do and view things in a certain way. For Sharon since it seems that she hasn’t moved around much then it means that she’s been able to fit in to her culture quite well, and may not have much difficulty making herself accustom to other people’s culture; the way they were brought up. Culture affects self-concept because self-concept involves things such as how clever you are, and the approach to education is something that’s viewed differently from culture to culture. The Asian culture might be more uptight and committed to education, in contrast to the Western culture’s less uptight but nonetheless committed approach to education. The downside of culture is that if Sharon was to find her culture and another person’s culture clashing together then it could cause a negative influence towards her self-concept as this could mean that they won’t have the same views or attitudes to certain things, which could cause Sharon’s overall performance to a disadvantage as it’ll make her more self-conscious and less confident in the way she has been brought up as well as feel anxious as she might not be able to get her views across easily. Income: Income influences Sharon’s self-concept because depending on how much income Sharon or her mother’s income might be it might change her views towards money and expenditure as well as values towards other factors such as education because education usually is the key to a better occupation which could lead to higher income. Especially when Sharon’s a young single mother with most likely no high income at all, she’s forced to sacrifice some of her own self-indulgences to be able to provide for her children as well as aid in monthly bills with Janet as Janet can’t always provide financial security for her family. Due to Sharon’s current situation she’s more likely to have a negative self-concept, she will often find life more difficult and find less enjoyment out of trying to maintain enough income to fend for her  family as this will reduce Sharon’s time for herself as well as time to hang out with her friends and family. However since Sharon not only gave birth to Aimee but Fergal, this could indicate that there are positive influences to income when it comes to Sharon’s situation as this could mean Sharon’s willing to cope with the problems of being a single mother and try to be successful at it, meaning she must have a higher self-esteem to be able to have a high motivation. Media: Media plays an important role in influencing Sharon’s self-concept, media tends to encourage adolescents such as Sharon to come up with unrealistic ideals. This could cause Sharon to go through extreme measures such as dieting to get the perfect body, as well as completely change how she behaves because she might not be portraying the feminine image girls should have. The media tends to exaggerate flaws out of people that adolescents like Sharon feel the need to change due to the growing feeling of insecurity about their own qualities which causes low self-esteem and self-image; because of this Sharon may feel tempted to compare herself with friends and other people and be increasingly self-aware of other people’s opinions. Depending on how much self-esteem Sharon has towards her self-image she’s more likely to change her self-concept in order to meet the unrealistic norms the media has brought out from trying to maintain consistency with the idea of perfection. Education: Education affects Sharon’s self-concept because education is a gateway to Sharon’s overall financial outcome as well as lifestyle in the future; it also gives Sharon the ability to choose. However since Sharon’s a single mother education would have to be postponed as her life now revolves around her two children: Aimee and Fergal. Since Sharon’s at the age of 17 she’s still in progress of acquiring her qualifications, doing her A-levels then going to University. Unfortunately her current situation will prevent her from working to the best of her ability, this may affect her self-concept as  she’ll be less motivated to study and learn. She may also lack self-esteem because she might not be able to understand what’s going on in her lessons and what needs to be done. Her teachers might start to discourage her from continuing the courses she does due to bad grades and overall her self-concept will change negatively. Being a mother at the age of 17 is hard to hide, in such a big environment such as school and being pregnant at such a young age can be looked down upon which could cause Sharon to get bullied at school. Bullying is a dilemma that people have always tried to prevent but it still goes on today, it could cause a lot of damage to a person’s self-concept especially Sharon’s. Environment: Sharon’s financial status may prevent her and her family to live in a peaceful environment where pollution and violence is rarely an occurrence. This will affect her self-concept as Sharon will start to compare her situation with others that may have a better lifestyle bringing her self-esteem and self-image down. With her current situation she’s more likely to be living in a more polluted environment, meaning the environment she’s living in would be uncontained and unclean. This will be a potentially damaging environment for her children’s health thus affecting her self-concept negatively. Socialisation: When it comes to socialisation Sharon’s lifestyle will affect her greatly, as she’s a busy mother who would have to prioritise her children first before personal indulgences. This will affect her self-concept and self-image because she will have less time to hang out with her friends and socialise as well as even have enough time to take care of herself or go shopping. Sharon’s self-confidence will also decrease drastically as she compares her friends’ social life with hers, because Sharon already has a family while her friends are still at their adolescence stage having lots of freedom and less responsibilities to take.